Spill, Transport and Fate Model (STFM): Development and Validation

The Spill, Transport and Fate Model (STFM) is a new computational tool for modeling oil spills in Brazilian waters, developed at the Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences at the University of São Paulo. The STFM was designed to assist in the analysis of environmental impact and water quality, for academic purposes and for environmental licensing studies. This work presents the formulation of the model, performance evaluations and validation of the results. These are necessary phases for the model to be made available to the public.

Keywords:
offshore contamination STFM; oil model; oil spill; water quality

Authorship

Daniel Constantino Zacharias ^**Corresponding author: Daniel Constantino Zacharias, e-mail: danizach@gmail.com

Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas. Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas (IAG). Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Rua do Matão, n° 1226, CEP: 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. E-mail: danizach@gmail.com, adalgiza.fornaro@iag.usp.brUniversidade de São PauloBrazilSão Paulo, SP, BrazilDepartamento de Ciências Atmosféricas. Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas (IAG). Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Rua do Matão, n° 1226, CEP: 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. E-mail: danizach@gmail.com, adalgiza.fornaro@iag.usp.br

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9355-8964

Adalgiza Fornaro

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0086-9649

^*Corresponding author: Daniel Constantino Zacharias, e-mail: danizach@gmail.com

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables | Formulas

Figures (1)
Tables (6)
Formulas (11)

Component Type	Increment Factor (E)
Alkanes (pentane, octane)	1.4
Cycloalkanes (cyclopentane, cyclooctane)	1.4
Aromatic (benzene, toluene)	2.2
Alkenes (pentene, decene)	1.8

Oil Type	Solubility S₀ (kg/m³)
Premium Gasoline	0.112
Diesel	0.003
Alberta	0.025
Arabian Light	0.019
Arabian Medium	0.018
Fuel Oil N^o. 2	0.003
Bunker C	0.006

INPUT DATA	INITIAL VALUE
Lagrangian Elements	500 (500 bbl)
Point 01	26° S; 42° W
Point 02	26° S; 44° W
Point 03	26° S; 46° W
Spill Initial Time 01	19/jun/2013 at 0h01
Spill Initial Time 02	07/aug/2016 at 0h01
Spill Initial Time 03	17/jan/2017 at 0h01
Spill Initial Time 04	18/feb/2017 at 0h01
Spill Initial Time 05	06/mar/2017 at 0h01
Spill Initial Time 06	01/apr/2017 at 0h01
Simulation Time	240 h
Time Step	10 min
Oil Name	Arabian Medium Crude Oil

Parameters	Arabian Extra-Light	Arabian Light	Arabian Medium	Arabian Heavy
API	36.9	33.4	29.5	27.4
Density (g/cm³)	0.839	0.866	0.8732	0.887
Viscosity (m²/s)	4.2E-06	1.2E-05	1.6E-05	4.8E-05
Interfacial Tension (N/m)	0.015	0.017	0.018	0.020
Water Maximum Content	0.89	0.87	0.85	0.90
Asphaltenes Content	0.02	0.03	0.06	0.08
Benzene Content	0.43	0.39	0.32	0.25
Oil Solubility (kg/m³)	0.021	0.019	0.018	0.016
K_d (m/h)	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01
α (h^-1)	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1
A	5.3	4.3	5.3	6.3
B	10.9	10.3	10.3	10.3
K_a	4.16	3.41	1.89	2.71
K_b	0.045	0.045	0.045	0.045

	GNOME	WANG	STRINGARI	ZADEH	Validation criteria
FB	-0.11	0.00	0.00	-0.04	- 0.25 ≤ FB ≤ +0.25
MG	1.21	1.01	0.99	1.08	0.75 ≤ MG ≤ 1.25
NMSE	0.12	0.00	0.00	0.03	0.0 ≤ NMSE ≤ 0.5
VG	1.73	1.02	1.01	1.30	1.0 ≤ VG ≤ 2.5
R	0.77	0.99	0.99	0.94	0.75 ≤ R ≤ 1
FAC2	0.88	0.99	0.99	0.92	0.75 ≤ FAC2 ≤ 1

		WANG	STRINGARI	ZADEH	ADIOS 2	Validation criteria
Evaporation	FB	0.081	0.097	0.120	0.051	- 0.15 ≤ FB ≤ 0.15
	MG	0.882	0.798	0.809	0.946	0.85 ≤ MG ≤ 1.15
	NMSE	0.036	0.052	0.045	0.017	0.0 ≤ NMSE ≤ 0.35
	VG	1.042	1.293	1.147	1.035	1.0 ≤ VG ≤ 1.85
	R	0.771	0.858	0.881	0.868	0.85 ≤ R ≤ 1.00
	FAC2	0.998	0.928	0.952	0.995	0.85 ≤ FAC2 ≤ 1.00
Emulsification	FB	0.001	0.000	0.001	0.044	- 0.15 ≤ FB ≤ 0.15
	MG	0.972	0.973	0.972	0.973	0.85 ≤ MG ≤ 1.15
	NMSE	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.010	0.0 ≤ NMSE ≤ 0.35
	VG	1.000	1.000	1.000	1.068	1.0 ≤ VG ≤ 1.85
	R	0.977	0.977	0.977	0.977	0.85 ≤ R ≤ 1.00
	FAC2	1.000	1.000	1.000	0.987	0.85 ≤ FAC2 ≤ 1.00
Density	FB	-0.002	0.004	0.003	0.002	- 0.15 ≤ FB ≤ 0.15
	MG	1.000	0.994	0.995	0.998	0.85 ≤ MG ≤ 1.15
	NMSE	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.0 ≤ NMSE ≤ 0.35
	VG	1.000	1.000	1.000	1.000	1.0 ≤ VG ≤ 1.85
	R	0.518	0.742	0.643	0.508	0.85 ≤ R ≤ 1.00
	FAC2	1.000	1.000	1.000	1.000	0.85 ≤ FAC2 ≤ 1.00
Viscosity	FB	0.135	-0.034	0.113	0.139	- 0.15 ≤ FB ≤ 0.15
	MG	0.915	0.798	0.736	0.859	0.85 ≤ MG ≤ 1.15
	NMSE	1.201	0.047	0.086	0.310	0.0 ≤ NMSE ≤ 0.35
	VG	1.935	1.075	1.054	1.517	1.0 ≤ VG ≤ 1.85
	R	0.967	0.968	0.969	0.976	0.85 ≤ R ≤ 1.00
	FAC2	0.713	0.992	1.000	0.728	0.85 ≤ FAC2 ≤ 1.00
Dispersion	FB	0.104	-0.039	0.065	0.005	- 0.15 ≤ FB ≤ 0.15
	MG	0.944	1.082	0.982	0.950	0.85 ≤ MG ≤ 1.15
	NMSE	0.363	0.095	0.319	0.320	0.0 ≤ NMSE ≤ 0.35
	VG	1.350	1.156	1.349	1.236	1.0 ≤ VG ≤ 1.85
	R	0.919	0.888	0.919	0.811	0.85 ≤ R ≤ 1.00
	FAC2	0.902	0.901	0.899	0.895	0.85 ≤ FAC2 ≤ 1.00