Mild cognitive impairment |
pRNFL |
Progressively thinned from controls to mild cognitive impairment and from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer’s disease |
Lee et al.1111. Lee MJ, Abraham AG, Swenor BK, Sharrett AR, Ramulu PY. Application of optical coherence tomography in the detection and classification of cognitive decline. J Curr Glaucoma Pract. 2018 Jan-Apr;12(1):10-8. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10028-1238 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5005/...
, Paquet et al.1212. Paquet C, Boissonnot M, Roger F, Dighiero P, Gil R, Hugon J. Abnormal retinal thickness in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. Neurosci Lett. 2007 Jun;420(2):97-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2007.02.090 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
, Gao et al.1313. Gao L, Liu Y, Li X, Bai Q, Liu P. Abnormal retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and macula lutea in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2015 Jan-Feb;60(1):162-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2014.10.011 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
, Almeida et al.1414. Almeida ALM, Pires LA, Figueiredo EA, Costa-Cunha LVF, Zacharias LC, Preti RC, et al. Correlation between cognitive impairment and retinal neural loss assessed by swept-source optical coherence tomography in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Alzheimers Dement (Amst). 2019 Sep;11:659-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dadm.2019.08.006 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
|
Macula |
Decreased ganglion cell complex thickness, compared with controls |
Almeida et al.1414. Almeida ALM, Pires LA, Figueiredo EA, Costa-Cunha LVF, Zacharias LC, Preti RC, et al. Correlation between cognitive impairment and retinal neural loss assessed by swept-source optical coherence tomography in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Alzheimers Dement (Amst). 2019 Sep;11:659-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dadm.2019.08.006 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
|
Correlation between OCT abnormalities and cognitive impairment |
Almeida et al.1414. Almeida ALM, Pires LA, Figueiredo EA, Costa-Cunha LVF, Zacharias LC, Preti RC, et al. Correlation between cognitive impairment and retinal neural loss assessed by swept-source optical coherence tomography in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Alzheimers Dement (Amst). 2019 Sep;11:659-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dadm.2019.08.006 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
|
Microvascular |
Decreased vessel density and blood flow correlated with lower MoCA scores |
Zhang et al.1515. Zhang YS, Zhou N, Knoll BM, Samra S, Ward MR, Weintraub S, et al. Parafoveal vessel loss and correlation between peripapillary vessel density and cognitive performance in amnestic mild cognitive impairment and early Alzheimer’s disease on optical coherence tomography angiography. PLoS One. 2019 Apr;14(4):e0214685. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0214685 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/...
, Criscuolo et al.1616. Criscuolo C, Cennamo G, Montorio D, Carotenuto A, Strianese A, Salvatore E, et al. Assessment of retinal vascular network in amnestic mild cognitive impairment by optical coherence tomography angiography. PLoS One. 2020 Jun;15(6):e0233975. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233975 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/...
, Yoon et al.1717. Yoon SP, Thompson AC, Polascik BW, Calixte C, Burke JR, Petrella JR, et al. Correlation of OCTA and volumetric MRI in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2019 Nov;50(11):709-18. https://doi.org/10.3928/23258160-20191031-06 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3928/...
|
Alzheimer’s disease |
pRNFL |
Diffuse thickness reduction, compared with healthy controls |
Chan et al.66. Chan VTT, Sun Z, Tang S, Chen LJ, Wong A, Tham CC, et al. Spectral-domain OCT measurements in Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ophthalmology. 2019 Apr;126(4):497-510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.08.009 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
, Lee et al.1111. Lee MJ, Abraham AG, Swenor BK, Sharrett AR, Ramulu PY. Application of optical coherence tomography in the detection and classification of cognitive decline. J Curr Glaucoma Pract. 2018 Jan-Apr;12(1):10-8. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10028-1238 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5005/...
, Paquet et al.1212. Paquet C, Boissonnot M, Roger F, Dighiero P, Gil R, Hugon J. Abnormal retinal thickness in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. Neurosci Lett. 2007 Jun;420(2):97-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2007.02.090 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
, Parisi et al.2222. Parisi V, Restuccia R, Fattapposta F, Mina C, Bucci MG, Pierelli F. Morphological and functional retinal impairment in Alzheimer’s disease patients. Clin Neurophysiol. 2001 Oct;112(10):1860-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1388-2457(01)00620-4 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
, Cunha et al.2424. Cunha LP, Lopes LC, Costa-Cunha LV, Costa CF, Pires LA, Almeida AL, et al. Macular thickness measurements with frequency domain-OCT for quantification of retinal neural loss and its correlation with cognitive impairment in Alzheimer’s disease. PLoS One. 2016 Apr;11(4):e0153830. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153830 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/...
, Iseri et al.2525. Iseri PK, Altinas O, Tokay T, Yuksel N. Relationship between cognitive impairment and retinal morphological and visual functional abnormalities in Alzheimer disease. J Neuroophthalmol. 2006 Mar;26(1):18-24. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.wno.0000204645.56873.26 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/...
, Kesler et al.2626. Kesler A, Vakhapova V, Korczyn AD, Naftaliev E, Neudorfer M. Retinal thickness in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2011 Sep;113(7):523-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clineuro.2011.02.014 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
, Kirbas et al.2727. Kirbas S, Turkyilmaz K, Anlar O, Tufekci A, Durmus M. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in patients with Alzheimer disease. J Neuroophthalmol. 2013 Mar;33(1):58-61. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNO.0b013e318267fd5f https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/...
, Lu et al.2828. Lu Y, Li Z, Zhang X, Ming B, Jia J, Wang R, et al. Retinal nerve fiber layer structure abnormalities in early Alzheimer’s disease: evidence in optical coherence tomography. Neurosci Lett. 2010 Aug;480(1):69-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2010.06.006 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
, Marziani et al.2929. Marziani E, Pomati S, Ramolfo P, Cigada M, Giani A, Mariani C, et al. Evaluation of retinal nerve fiber layer and ganglion cell layer thickness in Alzheimer’s disease using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013 Sep;54(9):5953-8. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.13-12046 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1167/...
, Moreno-Ramos et al.3030. Moreno-Ramos T, Benito-Leon J, Villarejo A, Bermejo-Pareja F. Retinal nerve fiber layer thinning in dementia associated with Parkinson’s disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2013;34(3):659-64. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-121975 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3233/...
, Moschos et al.3131. Moschos MM, Markopoulos I, Chatziralli I, Rouvas A, Papageorgiou SG, Ladas I, et al. Structural and functional impairment of the retina and optic nerve in Alzheimer’s disease. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2012 Sep;9(7):782-8. https://doi.org/10.2174/156720512802455340 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2174/...
|
Correlation between thinning and lower MMSE results |
Cunha et al.2424. Cunha LP, Lopes LC, Costa-Cunha LV, Costa CF, Pires LA, Almeida AL, et al. Macular thickness measurements with frequency domain-OCT for quantification of retinal neural loss and its correlation with cognitive impairment in Alzheimer’s disease. PLoS One. 2016 Apr;11(4):e0153830. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153830 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/...
, Iseri et al.2525. Iseri PK, Altinas O, Tokay T, Yuksel N. Relationship between cognitive impairment and retinal morphological and visual functional abnormalities in Alzheimer disease. J Neuroophthalmol. 2006 Mar;26(1):18-24. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.wno.0000204645.56873.26 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/...
, Moreno-Ramos et al.3030. Moreno-Ramos T, Benito-Leon J, Villarejo A, Bermejo-Pareja F. Retinal nerve fiber layer thinning in dementia associated with Parkinson’s disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2013;34(3):659-64. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-121975 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3233/...
, Cunha et al.3232. Cunha LP, Almeida AL, Costa-Cunha LV, Costa CF, Monteiro ML. The role of optical coherence tomography in Alzheimer’s disease. Int J Retina Vitreous. 2016 Oct;2:24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40942-016-0049-4 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/...
|
Macula |
Diffuse thinning, especially in the ganglion cell complex |
Chan et al.66. Chan VTT, Sun Z, Tang S, Chen LJ, Wong A, Tham CC, et al. Spectral-domain OCT measurements in Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ophthalmology. 2019 Apr;126(4):497-510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.08.009 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
, Lee et al.1111. Lee MJ, Abraham AG, Swenor BK, Sharrett AR, Ramulu PY. Application of optical coherence tomography in the detection and classification of cognitive decline. J Curr Glaucoma Pract. 2018 Jan-Apr;12(1):10-8. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10028-1238 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5005/...
, Cunha et al.2424. Cunha LP, Lopes LC, Costa-Cunha LV, Costa CF, Pires LA, Almeida AL, et al. Macular thickness measurements with frequency domain-OCT for quantification of retinal neural loss and its correlation with cognitive impairment in Alzheimer’s disease. PLoS One. 2016 Apr;11(4):e0153830. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153830 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/...
, Kirbas et al.2727. Kirbas S, Turkyilmaz K, Anlar O, Tufekci A, Durmus M. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in patients with Alzheimer disease. J Neuroophthalmol. 2013 Mar;33(1):58-61. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNO.0b013e318267fd5f https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/...
, Lu et al.2828. Lu Y, Li Z, Zhang X, Ming B, Jia J, Wang R, et al. Retinal nerve fiber layer structure abnormalities in early Alzheimer’s disease: evidence in optical coherence tomography. Neurosci Lett. 2010 Aug;480(1):69-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2010.06.006 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
, Marziani et al.2929. Marziani E, Pomati S, Ramolfo P, Cigada M, Giani A, Mariani C, et al. Evaluation of retinal nerve fiber layer and ganglion cell layer thickness in Alzheimer’s disease using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013 Sep;54(9):5953-8. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.13-12046 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1167/...
, Moschos et al.3131. Moschos MM, Markopoulos I, Chatziralli I, Rouvas A, Papageorgiou SG, Ladas I, et al. Structural and functional impairment of the retina and optic nerve in Alzheimer’s disease. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2012 Sep;9(7):782-8. https://doi.org/10.2174/156720512802455340 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2174/...
|
Reduced volume, compared with controls |
Chan et al.66. Chan VTT, Sun Z, Tang S, Chen LJ, Wong A, Tham CC, et al. Spectral-domain OCT measurements in Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ophthalmology. 2019 Apr;126(4):497-510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.08.009 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
, Iseri et al.2525. Iseri PK, Altinas O, Tokay T, Yuksel N. Relationship between cognitive impairment and retinal morphological and visual functional abnormalities in Alzheimer disease. J Neuroophthalmol. 2006 Mar;26(1):18-24. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.wno.0000204645.56873.26 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/...
|
Correlation with MMSE results |
Cunha et al.2424. Cunha LP, Lopes LC, Costa-Cunha LV, Costa CF, Pires LA, Almeida AL, et al. Macular thickness measurements with frequency domain-OCT for quantification of retinal neural loss and its correlation with cognitive impairment in Alzheimer’s disease. PLoS One. 2016 Apr;11(4):e0153830. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153830 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/...
, Iseri et al.2525. Iseri PK, Altinas O, Tokay T, Yuksel N. Relationship between cognitive impairment and retinal morphological and visual functional abnormalities in Alzheimer disease. J Neuroophthalmol. 2006 Mar;26(1):18-24. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.wno.0000204645.56873.26 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/...
, Moreno-Ramos et al.3030. Moreno-Ramos T, Benito-Leon J, Villarejo A, Bermejo-Pareja F. Retinal nerve fiber layer thinning in dementia associated with Parkinson’s disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2013;34(3):659-64. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-121975 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3233/...
, Cunha et al.3232. Cunha LP, Almeida AL, Costa-Cunha LV, Costa CF, Monteiro ML. The role of optical coherence tomography in Alzheimer’s disease. Int J Retina Vitreous. 2016 Oct;2:24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40942-016-0049-4 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/...
|
Decrease in macular RNFL, outer nuclear layer and inner plexiform layer volumes, in preclinical AD relative to controls |
Santos et al.3636. Santos CY, Johnson LN, Sinoff SE, Festa EK, Heindel WC, Snyder PJ. Change in retinal structural anatomy during the preclinical stage of Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement (Amst). 2018 Feb;10:196-209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dadm.2018.01.003 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
|
Microvascular |
Decreased vascular density |
Bulut et al.3333. Bulut M, Kurtulus F, Gozkaya O, Erol MK, Cengiz A, Akidan M, et al. Evaluation of optical coherence tomography angiographic findings in Alzheimer’s type dementia. Br J Ophthalmol. 2018;102(2):233-7. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2017-310476 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1136/...
, Zhang 3434. Zhang JF, Wiseman S, Valdes-Hernandez MC, Doubal FN, Dhillon B, Wu YC, et al. The application of optical coherence tomography angiography in cerebral small vessel disease, ischemic stroke, and dementia: a systematic review. Front Neurol. 2020 Sep;11:1009. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2020.01009 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/...
, Song 3535. Song A, Johnson N, Ayala A, Thompson AC. Optical coherence tomography in patients with alzheimer’s disease: what can it tell us? Eye Brain. 2021 Jan;13:1-20. https://doi.org/10.2147/EB.S235238 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2147/...
|
Foveal avascular zone enlargement |
Bulut et al.3333. Bulut M, Kurtulus F, Gozkaya O, Erol MK, Cengiz A, Akidan M, et al. Evaluation of optical coherence tomography angiographic findings in Alzheimer’s type dementia. Br J Ophthalmol. 2018;102(2):233-7. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2017-310476 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1136/...
|
Correlation with cognitive function |
Bulut et al.3333. Bulut M, Kurtulus F, Gozkaya O, Erol MK, Cengiz A, Akidan M, et al. Evaluation of optical coherence tomography angiographic findings in Alzheimer’s type dementia. Br J Ophthalmol. 2018;102(2):233-7. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2017-310476 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1136/...
, Zhang et al.3434. Zhang JF, Wiseman S, Valdes-Hernandez MC, Doubal FN, Dhillon B, Wu YC, et al. The application of optical coherence tomography angiography in cerebral small vessel disease, ischemic stroke, and dementia: a systematic review. Front Neurol. 2020 Sep;11:1009. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2020.01009 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/...
, Song et al.3535. Song A, Johnson N, Ayala A, Thompson AC. Optical coherence tomography in patients with alzheimer’s disease: what can it tell us? Eye Brain. 2021 Jan;13:1-20. https://doi.org/10.2147/EB.S235238 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2147/...
|
Multiple sclerosis |
pRNFL |
Increased thickness in the acute phase of optic neuritis |
Costello et al.3939. Costello F, Hodge W, Pan YI, Eggenberger E, Coupland S, Kardon RH. Tracking retinal nerve fiber layer loss after optic neuritis: a prospective study using optical coherence tomography. Mult Scler. 2008 Aug;14(7):893-905. https://doi.org/10.1177/1352458508091367 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/...
|
Chronic thinning in patients with and without optic neuritis |
Parisi et al.4040. Parisi V, Manni G, Spadaro M, Colacino G, Restuccia R, Marchi S, et al. Correlation between morphological and functional retinal impairment in multiple sclerosis patients. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1999 Oct;40(11):2520-7., Petzold et al.4141. Petzold A, Balcer LJ, Calabresi PA, Costello F, Frohman TC, Frohman EM, et al. Retinal layer segmentation in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol. 2017 Oct;16(10):797-812. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(17)30278-8 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
, Garcia-Martin et al.4242. Garcia-Martin E, Pueyo V, Ara JR, Almarcegui C, Martin J, Pablo L, et al. Effect of optic neuritis on progressive axonal damage in multiple sclerosis patients. Mult Scler. 2011 Jul;17(7):830-7. https://doi.org/10.1177/1352458510397414 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/...
|
Thinning is correlated with visual loss |
Trip et al.4343. Trip SA, Schlottmann PG, Jones SJ, Altmann DR, Garway-Heath DF, Thompson AJ, et al. Retinal nerve fiber layer axonal loss and visual dysfunction in optic neuritis. Ann Neurol. 2005 Sep;58(3):383-91. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.20575 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/...
|
Microvascular |
Reduction in the retinal and macular vessel densities |
Lanzillo et al.4545. Lanzillo R, Cennamo G, Criscuolo C, Carotenuto A, Velotti N, Sparnelli F, et al. Optical coherence tomography angiography retinal vascular network assessment in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2018 Nov;24(13):1706-14. https://doi.org/10.1177/1352458517729463 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/...
, Lanzillo et al.4646. Lanzillo R, Cennamo G, Moccia M, Criscuolo C, Carotenuto A, Frattaruolo N, et al. Retinal vascular density in multiple sclerosis: a 1-year follow-up. Eur J Neurol. 2019 Jan;26(1):198-201. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.13770 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/...
, Spain et al.4747. Spain RI, Liu L, Zhang X, Jia Y, Tan O, Bourdette D, et al. Optical coherence tomography angiography enhances the detection of optic nerve damage in multiple sclerosis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2018 Apr;102(4):520-4. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2017-310477 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1136/...
, Wang et al.4848. Wang X, Jia Y, Spain R, Potsaid B, Liu JJ, Baumann B, et al. Optical coherence tomography angiography of optic nerve head and parafovea in multiple sclerosis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2014 Oct;98(10):1368-73. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2013-304547 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1136/...
|
Parkinson’s disease |
pRNFL |
Inconsistent findings |
-
Inzelberg et al.5252. Inzelberg R, Ramirez JA, Nisipeanu P, Ophir A. Retinal nerve fiber layer thinning in Parkinson disease. Vision Res. 2004 Nov;44(24):2793-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2004.06.009 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
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-
Altintas et al.5353. Altintaş O, Işeri P, Ozkan B, Cağlar Y. Correlation between retinal morphological and functional findings and clinical severity in Parkinson’s disease. Doc Ophthalmol. 2008 Mar;116(2):137-46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10633-007-9091-8 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/...
,
-
Hajee et al.5454. Hajee ME, March WF, Lazzaro DR, Wolintz AH, Shrier EM, Glazman S, et al. Inner retinal layer thinning in Parkinson disease. Arch Ophthalmol. 2009 Jun;127(6):737-41. https://doi.org/10.1001/archophthalmol.2009.106 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1001/...
,
-
Albrecht et al.5555. Albrecht P, Muller AK, Sudmeyer M, Ferrea S, Ringelstein M, Cohn E, et al. Optical coherence tomography in parkinsonian syndromes. PLoS One. 2012 Apr;7(4):e34891. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034891 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/...
,
-
Mailankody et al.5656. Mailankody P, Battu R, Khanna A, Lenka A, Yadav R, Pal PK. Optical coherence tomography as a tool to evaluate retinal changes in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2015 Oct;21(10):1164-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2015.08.002 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,
-
Lee et al.5757. Lee JY, Kim JM, Ahn J, Kim HJ, Jeon BS, Kim TW. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and visual hallucinations in Parkinson’s Disease. Mov Disord. 2014 Jan;29(1):61-7. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.25543 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/...
|
Thinner RNFL in akinetic-rigid Parkinson’s disease, compared with tremor-predominant type |
Altintas et al.5353. Altintaş O, Işeri P, Ozkan B, Cağlar Y. Correlation between retinal morphological and functional findings and clinical severity in Parkinson’s disease. Doc Ophthalmol. 2008 Mar;116(2):137-46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10633-007-9091-8 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/...
|
Negative correlation between UPDRS and RNFL |
Albrecht et al.5555. Albrecht P, Muller AK, Sudmeyer M, Ferrea S, Ringelstein M, Cohn E, et al. Optical coherence tomography in parkinsonian syndromes. PLoS One. 2012 Apr;7(4):e34891. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034891 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/...
, Mailankody et al.5656. Mailankody P, Battu R, Khanna A, Lenka A, Yadav R, Pal PK. Optical coherence tomography as a tool to evaluate retinal changes in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2015 Oct;21(10):1164-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2015.08.002 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
, Moschos et al.5959. Moschos MM, Chatziralli IP. Evaluation of choroidal and retinal thickness changes in parkinson’s disease using spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Semin Ophthalmol. 2018;33(4):494-7. https://doi.org/10.1080/08820538.2017.1307423 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/...
|
Correlation between pRNFL thinning and nonmotor symptoms |
Lee et al.5757. Lee JY, Kim JM, Ahn J, Kim HJ, Jeon BS, Kim TW. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and visual hallucinations in Parkinson’s Disease. Mov Disord. 2014 Jan;29(1):61-7. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.25543 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/...
, Yildiz et al.6060. Yildiz D, Pekel NB, Yener NP, Seferoglu M, Gunes A, Sigirli D. Assessment of neurodegeneration by optical coherence tomography and mini-mental test in Parkinson’s disease. Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2019 Apr-Jun;22(2):212-6. https://doi.org/10.4103/aian.AIAN_424_17 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4103/...
, Ma et al.6161. Ma LJ, Xu LL, Mao CJ, Fu YT, Ji XY, Shen Y, et al. Progressive changes in the retinal structure of patients with Parkinson’s disease. J Parkinsons Dis. 2018;8(1):85-92. https://doi.org/10.3233/JPD-171184 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3233/...
, Satue et al.6262. Satue M, Rodrigo MJ, Obis J, Vilades E, Gracia H, Otin S, et al. Evaluation of progressive visual dysfunction and retinal degeneration in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2017 Feb;58(2):1151-7. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.16-20460 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1167/...
|
Macula |
Decreased volume and thickness |
Altintas et al.5353. Altintaş O, Işeri P, Ozkan B, Cağlar Y. Correlation between retinal morphological and functional findings and clinical severity in Parkinson’s disease. Doc Ophthalmol. 2008 Mar;116(2):137-46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10633-007-9091-8 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/...
, Hajee et al.5454. Hajee ME, March WF, Lazzaro DR, Wolintz AH, Shrier EM, Glazman S, et al. Inner retinal layer thinning in Parkinson disease. Arch Ophthalmol. 2009 Jun;127(6):737-41. https://doi.org/10.1001/archophthalmol.2009.106 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1001/...
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Ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer abnormalities |
Chrysou et al.6363. Chrysou A, Jansonius NM, van Laar T. Retinal layers in Parkinson’s disease: A meta-analysis of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography studies. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2019 Jul;64:40-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2019.04.023 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis |
pRNFL |
Diffusely reduced thickness, compared with controls |
Rohani et al.7272. Rohani M, Meysamie A, Zamani B, Sowlat MM, Akhoundi FH. Reduced retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in ALS patients: a window to disease progression. J Neurol. 2018 Jul;265(7):1557-62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-018-8863-2 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/...
, Rojas et al.7373. Rojas P, de Hoz R, Ramirez AI, Ferreras A, Salobrar-Garcia E, Munoz-Blanco JL, et al. Changes in retinal OCT and their correlations with neurological disability in early ALS patients, a follow-up study. Brain Sci. 2019;9(12):337. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci9120337 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/...
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Macula |
Thinning in outer and inner sectors |
Rojas et al.7373. Rojas P, de Hoz R, Ramirez AI, Ferreras A, Salobrar-Garcia E, Munoz-Blanco JL, et al. Changes in retinal OCT and their correlations with neurological disability in early ALS patients, a follow-up study. Brain Sci. 2019;9(12):337. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci9120337 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/...
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Microvascular |
Inconclusive findings |
Cervero et al.7575. Cerveró A, Casado A, Riancho J. Retinal changes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: looking at the disease through a new window. J Neurol. 2021 Jun;268(6):2083-89. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-019-09654-w https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/...
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