Differentiation of relapsing-remitting and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: a magnetic resonance spectroscopy study based on machine learning

Diferenciação de esclerose múltipla recorrente-remitente e progressiva secundária: um estudo de ressonância magnética com espectroscopia baseado em aprendizado de máquina

ABSTRACT

Introduction:  Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most important tool for diagnosis and follow-up in multiple sclerosis (MS). The discrimination of relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) from secondary progressive MS (SPMS) is clinically difficult, and developing the proposal presented in this study would contribute to the process.

Objective:  This study aimed to ensure the automatic classification of healthy controls, RRMS, and SPMS by using MR spectroscopy and machine learning methods.

Methods:  MR spectroscopy (MRS) was performed on a total of 91 participants, distributed into healthy controls (n=30), RRMS (n=36), and SPMS (n=25). Firstly, MRS metabolites were identified using signal processing techniques. Secondly, feature extraction was performed based on MRS Spectra. N-acetylaspartate (NAA) was the most significant metabolite in differentiating MS types. Lastly, binary classifications (healthy controls-RRMS and RRMS-SPMS) were carried out according to features obtained by the Support Vector Machine algorithm.

Results:  RRMS cases were differentiated from healthy controls with 85% accuracy, 90.91% sensitivity, and 77.78% specificity. RRMS and SPMS were classified with 83.33% accuracy, 81.81% sensitivity, and 85.71% specificity.

Conclusions:  A combined analysis of MRS and computer-aided diagnosis may be useful as a complementary imaging technique to determine MS types.

Keywords: Multiple Sclerosis; Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting; Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Machine Learning