Vascular parkinsonism: analysis of seven cases

Parkinsonismo vascular: análise de sete casos

Vascular parkinsonism: analysis of seven cases

Parkinsonismo vascular: análise de sete casos

Elton Gomes da Silva^I; Maura Aparecida Viana^II; Elizabeth Maria Aparecida Barasnevicius Quagliato^III

Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, State University of Campinas, Campinas SP, Brazil (FCM/UNICAMP)

^IMedical Student

^IIMD

^IIIAdjunct Professor, responsible for the Movement Disorders Unit, Clinics Hospital, UNICAMP

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Neuroimaging studies of elderly individuals reveal alterations in the white matter that are incompatible with the patient’s parkinsonism, mistakenly classified as vascular parkinsonism (VP).

METHOD: This study was conducted on a population composed of 20 patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) whose neuroimaging exams revealed vascular alterations in the white matter and seven patients with VP in order to compare diagnostic criteria.

RESULTS: Age at disease onset of patients with PD was 55±12 years and patients with VP it was 62±13 years. Twelve patients with PD and five patients with VP presented arterial hypertension; three patients with VP and two patients with PD presented gait impairment; all patients with VP presented rigidity and bradykinesia, six of them presented resting tremor; 19 patients with PD presented tremor and 19 of them presented rigidity, while 17 presented bradykinesia. When the symptoms and evolution of both diseases were compared, the vascular alterations in the white matter were considered unspecific.

CONCLUSION: Since clinical symptoms are unspecific, a differential diagnosis requires neuroimaging, good response to levodopa and clinical evolution.

Key words: vascular parkinsonism, Parkinson’s disease, diagnosis, neuroimaging.

RESUMO

INTRODUÇÃO: Estudos de neuroimagem em idosos mostram alterações na substância branca que são incompatíveis com o parkinsonismo do paciente, erroneamente classificado como parkinsonismo vascular (PV).

MÉTODO: Este estudo foi conduzido a partir de uma população de 20 pacientes com doença de Parkinson (DP) cujos exames de neuroimagem revelaram alterações vasculares na substância branca e sete pacientes com PV para comparar os critérios diagnósticos.

RESULTADOS: A idade de início da doença dos pacientes com DP foi 55±12 anos e pacientes com PV foi 62±13 anos. Doze pacientes com DP e cinco pacientes com PV apresentaram hipertensão arterial; três pacientes com PV e dois pacientes com DP apresentaram alteração da marcha; todos os pacientes com PV apresentaram rigidez e bradicinesia, seis deles apresentaram tremor de repouso; 19 pacientes com DP apresentaram tremor e 19 deles apresentaram rigidez, enquanto 17 apresentaram bradicinesia. Quando os sintomas e a evolução de ambas as doenças foram comparadas, as alterações vasculares na substância branca foram consideradas inespecíficas.

CONCLUSÃO: Como os sintomas clínicos são inespecíficos, um diagnóstico diferencial requer neuroimagem, boa resposta a levodopa e evolução clínica da doença.

Palavras-chave: parkinsonismo vascular, doença de Parkinson, diagnóstico, neuroimagem.

Vascular parkinsonism (VP), first described in 1929 by Critchley¹, is still viewed as a nosological entity. VP related lesions are considered multiple micro infarcts in the subcortical white matter or in the substantia nigra but their pathophysiology is heterogeneous and it is not always possible to correlate ischemic lesions with clinical symptoms^2-5. On the basis of the diagnostic criteria for VP, 4% to 12% of patients with Parkinson’s syndrome are thought to have a vascular etiology that occurs more frequently in the more aged population^1,4,6-10.

Despite the criteria utilized, clinical data very often do not help in the diagnosis of VP as shown by pathological studies in which patients with VP were not diagnosed antemortem^11,12. Computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the elderly reveal alterations in the white matter that are often correlated with parkinsonian symptoms^12,13. Lesions with ischemic characteristics revealed by the neuroimaging exams should not be the main criteria for differential diagnosis of VP and other forms of parkinsonism since 20% to 30% of the Parkinson’s disease (PD) exams present ischemic alterations^2,3.

These exams are useful for determining localized vascular lesions and excluding other causes of secondary parkinsonism such as normal pressure hydrocephaly and lesions with mass effect.

METHOD

This study was designed to describe the clinical symptoms and the MRI of seven patients with VP and compare them with 20 patients with PD whose neuroimaging exams revealed vascular lesions with ischemic characteristics. This study also evaluated the criteria for a differential diagnosis of these two forms of parkinsonism and verified the existence of a clinical-radiological distinction between these two etiologies.

This comparison was proposed so that the clinical differences between the two forms of parkinsonism could be evaluated because the neuroimaging results of all the patients revealed vascular alterations that did not allow for a definite diagnosis of the cause.

The inclusion criteria used for the diagnosis of PD were: presence of at least two of the following signs - tremor at rest, akinesia / bradykinesia, rigidity and altered postural reflexes; unilateral onset of the symptoms and asymmetrical development of the disease; a good response to L-dopa. The criteria for exclusion were: pyramidal symptoms, cerebellar symptoms and autonomic failure at disease onset; a history of drug and substance abuse, encephalitis and/or a relationship between cerebral vascular accident (CVA) and onset of Parkinson’s syndrome^8,12,14,15.

The inclusion criteria for VP were: acute or sub-acute evolution; presence of rigidity or bradykinesia, focal signs or symptoms consistent with stroke such as pyramidal with symmetric compromise, vascular risk factors - systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), prior ischemic CVA and atherosclerotic disease; association with pseudobulbar paralysis and spontaneous improvement of the symptoms; unsatisfactory or absence of response to L-dopa; MRI that revealed at least two basal ganglia infarcts or diffused disease of the white matter. The criteria for exclusion were: antecedents of cranioencephalic traumatism, defined encephalitis, treatment with neuroleptics at onset of symptoms, CT or MRI demonstrating presence of cerebral tumor or communicating hydrocephaly^1,4,6,7,12.

The criteria established by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) were used to classify dementia and depression¹⁶.

Follow up of all the patients was performed at the Movement Disorders Outpatient Unit of the Department of Neurology, Clinics Hospital, State University of Campinas (HC/UNICAMP) and the patients also underwent MRI exams. The PD cases whose MRI exams revealed vascular lesions and all the VP cases were selected from a list of patients treated between 1999 and 2001 at the Outpatient Unit, and this study was initially approved for the Committee of Ethics in Research of School of Medicine of UNICAMP (CEP/ FCM/UNICAMP).

The magnetic resonance equipment ELSCINT with potency of two Tesla was used for the neuroimaging exams.

The factors analyzed in both groups were: age at disease onset, time of evolution, sex, clinical symptoms and localization, related comorbidities and MRI alterations.

The chi-square test was applied for analyzing the variables. The significance level established was p<0.05.

RESULTS

Twenty patients with PD were compared with seven patients with VP. Table 1 presents the mean age at disease onset, duration of disease, sex and clinical symptoms.

Five patients with VP presented acute onset of symptoms post CVA and two patients presented a progressive condition that stabilized after six months. Six of the patients with VP presented symmetry of symptoms at disease onset.

In the group of patients with VP, one patient presented partial response to L-dopa, which was lost three months after disease onset.

Both groups were evaluated regarding vascular risk factors and associated comorbidities such as: CVA antecedents, dementia, SAH, and depression. These values are presented in Table 2.

The MRI exams revealed lesions compatible with vasculopathy in the periventricular white matter (PVWM), subcortical white matter (SCWM) and basal nuclei (BN) as shown in Table 3.

The MR images of the patients are shown in Figs 1 and 2.

DISCUSSION

Since VP is very often sub-diagnosed or mimics PD or some other degenerative disease such as progressive supranuclear paralysis or corticobasal degeneration, it is rarely cited as the cause of PD^4,11,17. Our study population, which consisted of PD and VP groups, did not demonstrate a statistically significant difference between disease onset and sex or clinical symptoms, contradicting reports that symptom onset occurred at a more advanced age and that there was a discreet male predominance in the VP group^1,2,8,10. Resting tremor was less frequently encountered in other studies, which was probably due to the fact that posture tremor is common in patients with VP, but it was a factor observed in this study^11,12. Therefore, it should not be used as a criterion of exclusion for VP since it may be observed in some patients¹².

Other symptoms were found in similar proportions in both groups. A typical history of acute and symmetrical symptoms was observed in the patients with VP, although the acute condition occurred in less than half of the patients in the other studies^2,3,12.

The presence of comorbidities (CVA, dementia, SAH, depression) was significantly greater in patients with VP, which was similar to other studies^2,3,10-12.

There are reports in the literature of a clinical improvement in some patients with VP when subjected to dopaminergic therapy. This was observed in one patient in our study, but loss of response occurred three months after treatment began^4,12,18. The lesions revealed in the exams of patients with PD did not alter disease evolution or the severity of the clinical symptoms as observed in another study¹⁹.

Although the majority of the patients with PD presented vascular lesions in the periventricular white matter, lesions were also found in the basal nuclei and subcortical white matter, which made it a complementary exam in the etiology of the condition - useful for the confirmation and localization of vascular lesions and exclusion of other causes for symptomatology, but didn’t help in obtaining a differential diagnosis for PD and VP^2,4,12,20.

Differential diagnosis was based on the clinical symptoms that were present, L-dopa response and clinical evolution of patients with altered exam results, the latter was used for triage of the patients^2,3,12.

It must be remembered that VP is an important cause of parkinsonism although it is underdiagnosed. It has typical characteristics of bilateral and symmetrical onset, rigidity or bradykinesia, absence of response to L-dopa and altered neuroimaging exams compatible with vascular lesions.

Underdiagnosis is common, since the right diagnosis for VP is pathological, but a presumptive diagnsis can be made based on clinical data assessment and neuroimaging exams since together they enhance diagnostic clarity despite symptom heterogeneity.

Since vascular alterations in the white matter may be found in the same locality in the brain imaging exams in PD and VP with different symptoms, they cannot be used as the only parameter for VP diagnosis, making it necessary to have an assessment of clinical evolution as well as altered exams and the presence of vascular risk factors. Further studies are being conducted to increase the sensitivity of the criteria being used for the diagnosis of VP and also to enhance knowledge regarding the pathophysiology of this disease.

Received 11 October 2005, received in final form 1 March 2006. Accepted 4 May 2006.

Dr. Elton Gomes da Silva - Departamento de Neurologia, FCM/UNICAMP - Caixa Postal 6111 - 13083-970 Campinas SP - Brasil. E-mail: [e-mail]

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  28 Sept 2006
• Date of issue
  Sept 2006

History

• Accepted
  04 May 2006
• Received
  11 Oct 2005
• Reviewed
  01 Mar 2006