Claude Bernard: bicentenário do nascimento e suas principais
                        contribuições à neurologia

Em suas pesquisas, Claude Bernard (1813-1878) seguiu dois caminhos principais: o estudo fisiológico e químico da digestão e da função hepática; a seção experimental de nervos e os estudos sobre nervos simpáticos. Estudos sobre curare, por exemplo, foram de interesse duradouro. Suas profundas criatividade mental e habilidade manual, além da qualidade metodológica, conduziram às suas experiências e descobertas, principalmente no Collège de France. Seus interesses sobre temas epistemológicos mais amplos foram conduzidos na Sorbonne e, posteriormente, no Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle. Seu discernimento deu subsídios para definir o “ milieu intérieur ”, mais tarde conhecido como “homeostase”, e para ajudar a compreender a complexidade do cérebro. Bernard seguiu e superou seu mestre François Magendie. Este também lutou contra dogmas e lançou os fundamentos da medicina experimental, utilizando sua principal ferramenta hedionda – a vivissecção. Bernard ampliou estes estudos e criou as bases metodológicas da medicina experimental, tendo colecionado honrarias como renomado pesquisador.

Claude Bernard; nervos simpáticos; homeostasia; epistemologia; história das neurociências

Autoria

Marleide da Mota Gomes

Programa de Epilepsia, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Neurologia Deolindo Couto, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro RJ, BrazilUniversidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroBrazilRio de Janeiro, RJ, BrazilPrograma de Epilepsia, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Neurologia Deolindo Couto, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil

Eliasz Engelhardt

Setor de Neurologia Cognitiva e do Comportamento, Instituto de Neurologia Deolindo Couto and Instituto de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro RJ, BrazilUniversidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroBrazilRio de Janeiro, RJ, BrazilSetor de Neurologia Cognitiva e do Comportamento, Instituto de Neurologia Deolindo Couto and Instituto de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil

Correspondence: Marleide da Mota Gomes; Instituto de Neurologia Deolindo Couto, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Avenida Venceslau Braz 95; 22290-140 Rio de Janeiro RJ - Brasil; E-mail: mmotagomes@acd.ufrj.br

Conflict of interest: There is no conflict of interest to declare.

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Figuras

Figuras (3)

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Figure 1
. Bernard's laboratory and associates (The Lesson of Claude Bernard or Session at the Vivisection Laboratory -1889 by Leon Augustin Lhermitte - 1844-1925, Académie de Médecine, Paris, France)³3 Gross CG. Claude Bernard and the constancy of the internal environment. Neuroscientist 1998;4:380-385.. http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Bernard

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Figure 2
. “L ‘Oeuvre de Claude Bernard”⁵5 Bernard C. L’ Oeuvre de Claude Bernard. Introd. par Mathias Duval; notices par E. Renan, Paul Bert et Armand Moreau; table alphabétique et analytique des Oeuvres complètes de Claude Bernard par Roger de La Coudraie; bibliographie des travaux scientifiques par. G. Malloizel. Paris: Baillière in Paris 1881. (1881) is the Bernard's exposition of his views and some of the original facts that may be examined in his published lectures and in posthumous praises. Two groups of studies may envisaged, the works at the College of France, analytical and dedicated to his own research, and those at the Sorbonne-Museum, of a more general character. Some issues have more direct link to neurology. In 1857, Bernard published “Lessons on the Effects of Toxic Substances and Drug” where many studies of the toxicological properties of neuroactive compounds, such as curare, opium, atropine, strychnine and nicotine where presented⁷7 Conti F. Claude Bernard's des fonctions du cerveau: an ante litteram manifesto of the neurosciences? Nat Rev Neurosci 2002;3:979-985.. In 1858, Bernard published “Lessons on the physiology and pathology of the nervous system” (see more details on Figure 3). “The Experimental Science” (1878) is a collection of works that include subjects such as curare and brain. About curare, Bernard mentions.” In 1844, I received from Mr. Pelouze poisoned arrows and curare . In 1848, a young Brazilian who took my courses, Dr. Edwards, gave me curare. “In June 1844, I had my first experience with curare.” “In our physiological analysis, we got to locate the action of the poison on the nervous motor element”. The last text (about the brain) is one originally published on Revue des Deux Mondes (1872) – “The functions of the brain.” It is based on animal experiments with its common methodology and human cerebral lesions, Bernard realized that “Physiology shows that despite the differences observed and the greater complexity of the phenomena, the brain is the organ of intelligence as well as the heart is the organ of circulation, organs and their functions, it is a general principle that no organ of the body can escape.”

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Figure 3
. Leçons sur la Physiologie et la Pathologie du Systhème Nerveux⁶6 Bernard C. Leçons sur la Physiologie et la pathologie du systhème nerveux. Paris: J.-B. Baillière & Fils., 1858. 2v.: in the 1^st volume, the nerve proprieties and centers are examined. Great attention is given to controversies about the recurrent sensitivity. Artificial diabetes produced by lesion of the floor of the fourth ventricle, and many other experiments on the spinal cord are described. In the 2^nd volume, nerves are studied, including of the face, and the vagus. Many details are granted for the spinal accessory nerve, and meticulous attention is provided for the sympathetic, mostly on its influence on circulation related to heat action (calorification). “I presented these results in lessons delivered in 1852, and they were printed in October and November of the same year in the Comptes Rendus de la Societé de Biologie. Here is an exerpt of part of his experimental work: “After the section of the cephalic branch of the great sympathetic, it is possible to observe a contraction of the pupil of the corresponding eye, accompanied by a narrowing of the palpebral opening, a retraction of the ocular globe, and an increase of the circulation, as well as of the temperature, in all parts of the corresponding face. If the upper extremitiy of the sectioned sympathetic is galvanized, all the phenomena observed after the removal of the influence of the great sympathetic changes at once, appearing an opposite presentation. The pupil enlarges, the palpebral opening augments, the eye protrudes out the orbit. The former active circulation becomes weak, the conjunctiva, the nose, the ears previously red become pale. If the galvanism is stoped, all phenomena originally produced by the section of the sympathetic gradually reappear, disappearing again after a second galvanic stimulation.”

Figure 1 . Bernard's laboratory and associates (The Lesson of Claude Bernard or Session at the Vivisection Laboratory -1889 by Leon Augustin Lhermitte - 1844-1925, Académie de Médecine, Paris, France)³3 Gross CG. Claude Bernard and the constancy of the internal environment. Neuroscientist 1998;4:380-385.. http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Bernard

Figure 2 . “L ‘Oeuvre de Claude Bernard”⁵5 Bernard C. L’ Oeuvre de Claude Bernard. Introd. par Mathias Duval; notices par E. Renan, Paul Bert et Armand Moreau; table alphabétique et analytique des Oeuvres complètes de Claude Bernard par Roger de La Coudraie; bibliographie des travaux scientifiques par. G. Malloizel. Paris: Baillière in Paris 1881. (1881) is the Bernard's exposition of his views and some of the original facts that may be examined in his published lectures and in posthumous praises. Two groups of studies may envisaged, the works at the College of France, analytical and dedicated to his own research, and those at the Sorbonne-Museum, of a more general character. Some issues have more direct link to neurology. In 1857, Bernard published “Lessons on the Effects of Toxic Substances and Drug” where many studies of the toxicological properties of neuroactive compounds, such as curare, opium, atropine, strychnine and nicotine where presented⁷7 Conti F. Claude Bernard's des fonctions du cerveau: an ante litteram manifesto of the neurosciences? Nat Rev Neurosci 2002;3:979-985.. In 1858, Bernard published “Lessons on the physiology and pathology of the nervous system” (see more details on Figure 3). “The Experimental Science” (1878) is a collection of works that include subjects such as curare and brain. About curare, Bernard mentions.” In 1844, I received from Mr. Pelouze poisoned arrows and curare . In 1848, a young Brazilian who took my courses, Dr. Edwards, gave me curare. “In June 1844, I had my first experience with curare.” “In our physiological analysis, we got to locate the action of the poison on the nervous motor element”. The last text (about the brain) is one originally published on Revue des Deux Mondes (1872) – “The functions of the brain.” It is based on animal experiments with its common methodology and human cerebral lesions, Bernard realized that “Physiology shows that despite the differences observed and the greater complexity of the phenomena, the brain is the organ of intelligence as well as the heart is the organ of circulation, organs and their functions, it is a general principle that no organ of the body can escape.”

Figure 3 . Leçons sur la Physiologie et la Pathologie du Systhème Nerveux⁶6 Bernard C. Leçons sur la Physiologie et la pathologie du systhème nerveux. Paris: J.-B. Baillière & Fils., 1858. 2v.: in the 1^st volume, the nerve proprieties and centers are examined. Great attention is given to controversies about the recurrent sensitivity. Artificial diabetes produced by lesion of the floor of the fourth ventricle, and many other experiments on the spinal cord are described. In the 2^nd volume, nerves are studied, including of the face, and the vagus. Many details are granted for the spinal accessory nerve, and meticulous attention is provided for the sympathetic, mostly on its influence on circulation related to heat action (calorification). “I presented these results in lessons delivered in 1852, and they were printed in October and November of the same year in the Comptes Rendus de la Societé de Biologie. Here is an exerpt of part of his experimental work: “After the section of the cephalic branch of the great sympathetic, it is possible to observe a contraction of the pupil of the corresponding eye, accompanied by a narrowing of the palpebral opening, a retraction of the ocular globe, and an increase of the circulation, as well as of the temperature, in all parts of the corresponding face. If the upper extremitiy of the sectioned sympathetic is galvanized, all the phenomena observed after the removal of the influence of the great sympathetic changes at once, appearing an opposite presentation. The pupil enlarges, the palpebral opening augments, the eye protrudes out the orbit. The former active circulation becomes weak, the conjunctiva, the nose, the ears previously red become pale. If the galvanism is stoped, all phenomena originally produced by the section of the sympathetic gradually reappear, disappearing again after a second galvanic stimulation.”

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Claude Bernard: bicentenário do nascimento e suas principais contribuições à neurologia

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[1] Correspondence: Marleide da Mota Gomes; Instituto de Neurologia Deolindo Couto, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Avenida Venceslau Braz 95; 22290-140 Rio de Janeiro RJ - Brasil; E-mail: mmotagomes@acd.ufrj.br