The first Brazilian neuropsychiatrist, José Martins da Cruz Jobim, tuberculous meningitis and mental disease

The intersection between infectious diseases, poverty and mental disease was an important subject to the Brazilian Neuropsychiatry in the early 19^th century. José Martins da Cruz Jobim (1802–1878) was engaged in a hygienist approach based on symptomatological and anatomopathological studies. He wrote “Insânia loquaz” (Loquacious insanity), 1831, the first written text about mental illness in Brazil, founded on clinical and pathological data, compatible with tuberculous meningitis. Thus, Jobim deserves the title of the first neuropsychiatrist in Brazil. The authors critically studied the clinical history and the autopsy findings of his cases, and the main health policies at the time.

Brazilian Neurology; Neuropsychiatry; tuberculous; meningitis; history of Neurosciences

Authorship

Marleide da Mota Gomes

Neurologist, Associate Professor, Institute of Neurology, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrazilUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ)BrazilRio de Janeiro, RJ, BrazilNeurologist, Associate Professor, Institute of Neurology, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

Eliasz Engelhardt

Neurologist, Full Professor, Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology Unit, Institute of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrazilUFRJBrazilRio de Janeiro, RJ, BrazilNeurologist, Full Professor, Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology Unit, Institute of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

Leila Chimelli

Neuropathologist, Full Professor, Institute of Neurology, School of Medicine, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrazilUFRJBrazilRio de Janeiro, RJ, BrazilNeuropathologist, Full Professor, Institute of Neurology, School of Medicine, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

Correspondence: Marleide da Mota Gomes; Instituto de Neurologia Deolindo Couto, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ); Avenida Venceslau Braz 95; 22290-140 Rio de Janeiro RJ - Brasil; E-mail: mmotagomes@acd.ufrj.br

Conflict of interest: There is no conflict of interest to declare.

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

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Figure.
José Martins da Cruz Jobim and a summary of his professional career (Figure reproduced from the Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, former Faculdade de Medicina do Rio de Janeiro).

José Martins da Cruz Jobim (Rio Pardo - RS, 1802, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, 1878) graduated in Medicine at Faculté de Médecine de Paris (1828). His doctoral thesis was “Dissertation sur le vaccin”²2. Jobim, José Martins da Cruz. Dicionário Histórico-Biográfico das Ciências da Saúde no Brasil (1832-1930). Casa de Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz. Available at: http://www.dichistoriasaude.coc.fiocruz.br
http://www.dichistoriasaude.coc.fiocruz.... ,⁶6. Santos Filho LC. História Geral da Medicina Brasileira. São Paulo: Edusp/Hucitec; 1991.. He was strongly influenced by the doctrine of François Broussais (1772–1838) based on the idea that disease is above all caused by irritation of organs and viscera, and treatment should be aimed at controlling inflammation through bloodletting and diets²2. Jobim, José Martins da Cruz. Dicionário Histórico-Biográfico das Ciências da Saúde no Brasil (1832-1930). Casa de Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz. Available at: http://www.dichistoriasaude.coc.fiocruz.br
http://www.dichistoriasaude.coc.fiocruz.... ,⁶6. Santos Filho LC. História Geral da Medicina Brasileira. São Paulo: Edusp/Hucitec; 1991.. On returning to Brazil, he was appointed physician of the Santa Casa da Misericórdia do Rio de Janeiro. There he headed one of its wards and was the chief of the Mental Ill Service²2. Jobim, José Martins da Cruz. Dicionário Histórico-Biográfico das Ciências da Saúde no Brasil (1832-1930). Casa de Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz. Available at: http://www.dichistoriasaude.coc.fiocruz.br
http://www.dichistoriasaude.coc.fiocruz.... ,⁶6. Santos Filho LC. História Geral da Medicina Brasileira. São Paulo: Edusp/Hucitec; 1991.. Later, he was appointed as the first physician at Dom Pedro II Hospice's and, additionally, he was Imperial Chamber physician (1840)²2. Jobim, José Martins da Cruz. Dicionário Histórico-Biográfico das Ciências da Saúde no Brasil (1832-1930). Casa de Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz. Available at: http://www.dichistoriasaude.coc.fiocruz.br
http://www.dichistoriasaude.coc.fiocruz.... ,⁶6. Santos Filho LC. História Geral da Medicina Brasileira. São Paulo: Edusp/Hucitec; 1991.. He participated in the founding of the Sociedade de Medicina do Rio de Janeiro (SMRJ) (1829), later renamed Academia Imperial de Medicina (1835), and, finally, Academia Nacional de Medicina (1889). He took part of several of its committees and, in 1830, he was in charge of the Committee of Hygiene, to evaluate sanitary conditions in prisons, hospitals, hospices and houses of the exposed (dedicated for care of abandoned children)²2. Jobim, José Martins da Cruz. Dicionário Histórico-Biográfico das Ciências da Saúde no Brasil (1832-1930). Casa de Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz. Available at: http://www.dichistoriasaude.coc.fiocruz.br
http://www.dichistoriasaude.coc.fiocruz.... ,⁶6. Santos Filho LC. História Geral da Medicina Brasileira. São Paulo: Edusp/Hucitec; 1991.. On June 30, 1835, Jobim made the “Discourse on the diseases that most afflict the poor class of RJ” at the SMRJ⁵5. Fernandes R. O Conselheiro Jobim e o Espírito da Medicina de Seu Tempo. Brasília: Editora do Senado Federal; 1982.. In the Faculdade de Medicina do Rio de Janeiro, he was the Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Professor (1833–1854) and later, Director (1842–1872). His political interest led him to occupy elective positions (General Deputy in Rio Grande do Sul [1849–1851], and Senator in Espirito Santo [1851–1878]), on several mandates. On such periods he stayed away from the effective direction of the Faculdade de Medicina do Rio de Janeiro.

Figure. José Martins da Cruz Jobim and a summary of his professional career (Figure reproduced from the Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, former Faculdade de Medicina do Rio de Janeiro).
José Martins da Cruz Jobim (Rio Pardo - RS, 1802, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, 1878) graduated in Medicine at Faculté de Médecine de Paris (1828). His doctoral thesis was “Dissertation sur le vaccin”²2. Jobim, José Martins da Cruz. Dicionário Histórico-Biográfico das Ciências da Saúde no Brasil (1832-1930). Casa de Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz. Available at: http://www.dichistoriasaude.coc.fiocruz.br
http://www.dichistoriasaude.coc.fiocruz.... ,⁶6. Santos Filho LC. História Geral da Medicina Brasileira. São Paulo: Edusp/Hucitec; 1991.. He was strongly influenced by the doctrine of François Broussais (1772–1838) based on the idea that disease is above all caused by irritation of organs and viscera, and treatment should be aimed at controlling inflammation through bloodletting and diets²2. Jobim, José Martins da Cruz. Dicionário Histórico-Biográfico das Ciências da Saúde no Brasil (1832-1930). Casa de Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz. Available at: http://www.dichistoriasaude.coc.fiocruz.br
http://www.dichistoriasaude.coc.fiocruz.... ,⁶6. Santos Filho LC. História Geral da Medicina Brasileira. São Paulo: Edusp/Hucitec; 1991.. On returning to Brazil, he was appointed physician of the Santa Casa da Misericórdia do Rio de Janeiro. There he headed one of its wards and was the chief of the Mental Ill Service²2. Jobim, José Martins da Cruz. Dicionário Histórico-Biográfico das Ciências da Saúde no Brasil (1832-1930). Casa de Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz. Available at: http://www.dichistoriasaude.coc.fiocruz.br
http://www.dichistoriasaude.coc.fiocruz.... ,⁶6. Santos Filho LC. História Geral da Medicina Brasileira. São Paulo: Edusp/Hucitec; 1991.. Later, he was appointed as the first physician at Dom Pedro II Hospice's and, additionally, he was Imperial Chamber physician (1840)²2. Jobim, José Martins da Cruz. Dicionário Histórico-Biográfico das Ciências da Saúde no Brasil (1832-1930). Casa de Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz. Available at: http://www.dichistoriasaude.coc.fiocruz.br
http://www.dichistoriasaude.coc.fiocruz.... ,⁶6. Santos Filho LC. História Geral da Medicina Brasileira. São Paulo: Edusp/Hucitec; 1991.. He participated in the founding of the Sociedade de Medicina do Rio de Janeiro (SMRJ) (1829), later renamed Academia Imperial de Medicina (1835), and, finally, Academia Nacional de Medicina (1889). He took part of several of its committees and, in 1830, he was in charge of the Committee of Hygiene, to evaluate sanitary conditions in prisons, hospitals, hospices and houses of the exposed (dedicated for care of abandoned children)²2. Jobim, José Martins da Cruz. Dicionário Histórico-Biográfico das Ciências da Saúde no Brasil (1832-1930). Casa de Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz. Available at: http://www.dichistoriasaude.coc.fiocruz.br
http://www.dichistoriasaude.coc.fiocruz.... ,⁶6. Santos Filho LC. História Geral da Medicina Brasileira. São Paulo: Edusp/Hucitec; 1991.. On June 30, 1835, Jobim made the “Discourse on the diseases that most afflict the poor class of RJ” at the SMRJ⁵5. Fernandes R. O Conselheiro Jobim e o Espírito da Medicina de Seu Tempo. Brasília: Editora do Senado Federal; 1982.. In the Faculdade de Medicina do Rio de Janeiro, he was the Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Professor (1833–1854) and later, Director (1842–1872). His political interest led him to occupy elective positions (General Deputy in Rio Grande do Sul [1849–1851], and Senator in Espirito Santo [1851–1878]), on several mandates. On such periods he stayed away from the effective direction of the Faculdade de Medicina do Rio de Janeiro.

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The first Brazilian neuropsychiatrist, José Martins da Cruz Jobim, tuberculous meningitis and mental disease

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[1] Correspondence: Marleide da Mota Gomes; Instituto de Neurologia Deolindo Couto, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ); Avenida Venceslau Braz 95; 22290-140 Rio de Janeiro RJ - Brasil; E-mail: mmotagomes@acd.ufrj.br