Zigler, 19302626 Ziegler LH. Psychotic and emotional phenomena associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 1930; 24:930–936 |
USA |
Retrospective |
NR |
101 |
18.8 |
Gallagher et al. 19892727 Gallagher JP. Pathologic laughter and crying in ALS: a search for their origin. Acta Neurol Scand 1989;80(02):114–117 |
USA |
Cross- sectional |
Clinical assessment only NR |
73 Younger than 45 |
49.3 |
Palmieri et al. 20092828 Palmieri A, Abrahams S, Sorarù G, et al. Emotional Lability in MND: Relationship to cognition and psychopathology and impact on caregivers. J Neurol Sci 2009;278(1-2):16–20 |
Italy |
Case-control |
ELQ |
41 |
71 |
Work et al. 20112323 Work SS, Colamonico JA, Bradley WG, Kaye RE. Pseudobulbar affect: an under-recognized and under-treated neurological disorder. Adv Ther 2011;28(07):586–601 |
USA |
Online survey |
CNS-LS ≥ 13 PLACS ≥ 13 CNS-LS ≥ 21 |
225 |
50 32.5 27.5 |
Brooks et al. 20132929 Brooks BR, Crumpacker D, Fellus J, Kantor D, Kaye RE. PRISM: a novel research tool to assess the prevalence of pseudobulbar affect symptoms across neurological conditions. PLoS One 2013;8(08):e72232 |
USA |
Cross- sectional |
CNS-LS ≥ 13 |
125 |
44.8 PBA |
Floeter et al. 20143030 Floeter MK, Katipally R, Kim MP, et al. Impaired corticopontocerebellar tracts underlie pseudobulbar affect in motor neuron disorders. Neurology 2014;83(07):620–627 |
USA |
Retrospective |
NR |
37 ALS 50 PLS |
32.4 ALS 62 in PLS |
Tortelli et al. 20163131 Tortelli R, Copetti M, Arcuti S, et al. Pseudobulbar affect (PBA) in an incident ALS cohort: results from the Apulia registry (SLAP). J Neurol 2016;263(02):316–321 |
Italy |
Cohort |
CNS-LS ≥ 13 |
132 |
34.09 |
Thakore et al. 20173232 Thakore NJ, Pioro EP. Laughter, crying and sadness in ALS. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2017;88(10):825–831 |
USA |
Cohort |
CNS-LS ≥ 13 |
735 |
28.4 |
Christidi et al. 20173333 Christidi F, Karavasilis E, Ferentinos P, et al. Investigating the neuroanatomical substrate of pathological laughing and crying in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with multimodal neuroimaging techniques. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 2018;19(1-2):12–20 |
Greece |
Case-control |
CNS-LS ≥ 13 |
56 |
50 |
Patel et al. 20183434 Patel N, Combs H, York M, Phan C, Jimenez-Shahed J. Pseudobulbar affect correlates with mood symptoms in parkinsonian disorders but no amytrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2018;30(03):214–219 |
USA |
Cross- sectional |
CNS-LS ≥ 13 |
26 |
34.6 |
Tortelli et al. 20182020 Tortelli R, Arcuti S, Copetti M, et al. Pseudobulbar affect as a negative prognostic indicator in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand 2018;138(01):55–61 |
Italy |
Cohort (population-based) |
CNS-LS ≥ 13 |
94 |
36 |
Barc et al. 20203535 Barć K, Szacka K, Nieporęcki K, et al. Emotional Lability at disease onset is an independent prognostic factor of faster disease progression in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Aging Dis 2020; 11(05):1021–1028 |
Europe, multicenter |
Cross- sectional, multicenter |
Direct neurology questioning |
1145 |
17.38 |
Tu S et al. 20213636 Tu S, Huang M, Caga J, Mahoney CJ, Kiernan MC. Brainstem Correlates of Pathological Laughter and Crying Frequency in ALS. Front Neurol 2021;12:704059 |
Australia |
Retrospective |
CNS-LS ≥ 13 |
35 |
54.29 |
Wei QQ et al. 20213737 Wei QQ, Ou R, Lin J, et al. Prevalence and Factors Related to Pathological Laughter and Crying in Patients With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Neurol 2021;12:655674 |
China |
Cohort |
Face-to-face interviews Neurologist |
1031 |
11.4 |
Chowdhury et al. 20213838 Chowdhury A, Mukherjee A, Sinharoy U, Pandit A, Biswas A. Non-Motor Features of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Clinic-based Study. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2021;24(05): 745–753 |
India |
Cross- sectional |
CNS-LS≥ 13 |
50 |
68 |