Nepveu et al., 2017/ Neurorehabilitation and neural repair/ randomized clinical trial1212. Nepveu J-F, Thiel A, Tang A, Fung J, Lundbye-Jensen J, Boyd LA, et al. A single bout of High-Intensity interval training improves motor skill retention in individuals with stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2017 Aug;31(8):726-35. https://doi.org/10.1177/1545968317718269 https://doi.org/10.1177/1545968317718269...
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N = 22 (intervention: 11 versus control: 11). |
Exercise group: 15 minutes of HIIT: 2 min of warm-up at 25% of the peak VO2 (calculated in the ergospirometry test), followed by 3 minutes of high intensity (100% of peak) interspersed with 2 minutes of low intensity at 25% of the peak effort. |
Rest group |
Changes in Cognitive assessment (MoCA) |
Skill retention was significantly better in the HIIT group (unpaired t test, t(19) = 2.20; p = 0.04; effect size d = 0.96), which showed a 9% improvement in skill level, compared with the end of acquisition, while the control group showed a 4% decay. Specifically, 7 out of 11 participants in the HIIT group improved their mean score in the retention block, compared with the best block of training, while only 3 participants in the control group showed improvement. |
Abraha et al., 2018/ Frontiers of Physiology/ crossover1313. Abraha B, Chaves AR, Kelly LP, Wallack EM, Wadden KP, McCarthy J, et al. A bout of high intensity interval training lengthened nerve conduction latency to the non-exercised affected limb in chronic stroke. Front Physiol. 2018 Jul 2;9:827. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.00827 https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.00827...
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N = 12 (MICE group: 6 and HIIT group: 6) |
HIIT group: heating: 80% of VO2 max; maintained 60 to 80 steps per min alternating every 2 min with 40% of VO2 max. Total of 5 HIIT cycles, for 20 minutes |
MICE group: Cadence of 60 to 80 passes per minute, at 60% of VO2 max for 20 minutes. |
Changes in motor evoked potential (MEP) on electroneuromyography. |
MEP latency from the ipsilesional hemisphere was lengthened after HIIT (pre: 24.27 ± 1.8 ms, and post: 25.04 ± 1.8 ms; p = 0.01) but not MICE (pre: 25.49 ± 1.10 ms, and post: 25.28 ± 1.0 ms; p = 0.44). There were no significant changes in motor thresholds, intracortical inhibition or facilitation. Pinch strength of the affected hand decreased after MICE (pre: 8.96 ± 1.9 kg vs. post: 8.40 ± 2.0 kg, p = 0.02) but not after HIIT (pre: 8.83 ± 2.0 kg vs. post: 8.65 ± 2.2 kg, p = 0.29). Regardless of type of aerobic exercise, higher total energy expenditure was associated with greater increases in pinch strength in the affected hand after exercise (p = 0.04) and decreases in pinch strength of the less affected hand (p = 0.02) |
Murdoch et al., 2016/ Plos One/ crossover study1515. Murdoch K, Buckley JD, McDonnell MN. The effect of aerobic exercise on neuroplasticity within the motor cortex following stroke. PLoS One. 2016 Mar 28;11(3):e0152377. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0152377 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.015...
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N = 12 (intervention: 6 and control: 6) |
Cycloergometer at 50 rpm for 30 minutes and with subjective perception of light exertion (11-13/20). |
Resting in a seated position for 30 minutes. |
Changes in motor evoked potential (MEP) in electroneuromyography. |
There was no significant effect on neuronal excitability after a single session of mild-intensity exercise with or without electrical stimulation (iTBs). There was no significant change in MEP amplitude over time with exercise alone (p = 0.661). Mild-intensity aerobic exercise does not result in an improvement in excitability. |
Charalambous et al., 2018/ Topics Stroke Rehabilitation/ Randomized clinical trial2020. Charalambous CC, Helm EE, Lau KA, Morton SM, Reisman DS. The feasibility of an acute high-intensity exercise bout to promote locomotor learning after stroke. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2018 Mar;25(2):83-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/10749357.2017.1399527 https://doi.org/10.1080/10749357.2017.13...
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N = 34 3 groups: - Control: 11 - Treadmill walk: 13 - Total body exercise: 10 |
Treadmill walk (TMW): 13 individuals - 15 minutes of high intensity exercise (75 to 80% of HR max. or 13-15 SPE if using BB). - Total Body exercise (TBE): Subjects pedaled at high resistance and fast speed, which we modulated throughout so that the exercise intensity was within the high-intensity range based on either HR or SPE. |
Control (CON): 11 individuals - walking on the treadmill at 25% of comfortable speed (low intensity) |
Changes in BDNF blood level. |
Intensity significantly changed from the beginning to the end of exercise only in the exercise groups (CON: p = 0.104; TMW: p < 0.001; TBE: p < 0.001). Lactate levels were similar between the groups pre-exercise (p > 0.05 in all groups). Only the exercise groups (p < 0.001 in both groups) showed significant changes from pre- to post-exercise (CON: p = 0.592). A significant exercise effect was found for all measurements, except BDNF. |
Boyne et al., 2020/ Neurorehabilitation and Neural/ crossover2121. Boyne P, Meyrose C, Westover J, Whitesel D, Hatter K, Reisman DS, et al. Effects of exercise intensity on acute circulating molecular responses poststroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2020 Mar;34(3):222-34. https://doi.org/10.1177/1545968319899915 https://doi.org/10.1177/1545968319899915...
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N = 15 - 3 groups: - HIIT on the treadmill: 5 - Seated stepper HIIT :5 - Continuous exercise (MCT treadmill): 5 |
- HIIT on the treadmill: 3 min of warm-up + 20 min of HIIT, in which the protocol was 30'' acceleration with 60'' rest and recovery decreasing to 30'' after the first 5 min. The goal was to achieve a RHR of 60%. - Seated stepper HIIT (ergometer cycle): 3 min of warm-up + 20 min of HIIT, in which the protocol was 30'' acceleration with 60'' rest and recovery decreasing to 30'' after the first 5 min. The goal was to achieve a RHR of 60%. |
Continuous exercise (MCT treadmill): from moderate intensity to 45% of RHR |
Changes in VEGF1, IgF1 and cortisol blood level. |
- HIIT elicited significantly (P < 0.05) greater mean responses than MCT for blood lactate (HIT-treadmill, 4.6 mmol/L; HIT-stepper, 6.8 mmol/L; MCT-treadmill, 2.0 mmol/L), mean heart rate (HIT-treadmill, 59.0% of heart rate reserve; HIT-stepper, 67.5%; MCT-treadmill, 43.8%), and peak treadmill speed (HIT-treadmill, 1.30 m/s; MCT-treadmill, 0.68 m/s) - VEGF1 significantly increased in HIIT on the treadmill, with no increase in the other groups - IgF1 increased significantly in both HIIT groups and did not increase in MICE - Cortisol decreased in all 3 groups |
Boyne et al., 2019/ Journal of Applied Physiology/ crossover2222. Boyne P, Meyrose C, Westover J, Whitesel D, Hatter K, Reisman DS, et al. Exercise intensity affects acute neurotrophic and neurophysiological responses poststroke. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2019 Feb 1;126(2):431-43. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00594.2018 https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.005...
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N = 15 - 3 groups: - HIIT on the treadmill: 5 - Seated stepper HIIT: 5 - Continuous exercise (MCT treadmill): 5 |
HIIT on the treadmill: 3 min of warm-up + 20 min of HIIT, in which the protocol was 30'' acceleration with 60'' rest and recovery, decreasing to 30'' after the first 5 min. The goal was to achieve a RHR of 60%. - Seated stepper HIIT (ergometer cycle): Same HIIT protocol on the treadmill. |
Continuous exercise: from moderate intensity to 45% of RHR. |
Changes in BDNF blood level. |
Serum BDNF significantly increased during the treadmill GXT (4.6 ng/ml [95% confidence interval: 0.7-8.4]). The increase was significantly greater for HIT-treadmill, compared with MCT-treadmill (3.9 [0.1-7.8]) but not for HIT-stepper compared with MCT treadmill (2.9 [1.0-6.7]). The increase in BDNF was positively related to lactate, VO2 and HR. The highest BDNF results were with lactate > 4.7, mean VO2 > 67% peak and RHR > 60%. |
Morton, 2019/ Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation/ crossover2727. Li X, Charalambous CC, Reisman DS, Morton SM. A short bout of high-intensity exercise alters ipsilesional motor cortical excitability post-stroke. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2019 Sep;26(6):405-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/10749357.2019.1623458 https://doi.org/10.1080/10749357.2019.16...
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N = 13 (HIIT and rest) |
Two one-week training sessions between them - crossover: - 5 minutes of high intensity on the treadmill - 70 to 80% of HRmax. |
Rest |
Changes in motor evoked potential (MEP) on electroneuromyography. |
All participants were able to reach the target high-intensity exercise level. Blood lactate levels increased significantly after exercise (p < 0.001; d = 2.85). Resting motor evoked potentials from the lesioned hemisphere increased after exercise, compared with the resting condition (p = 0.046; d = 2.76), but this was not the case for the non-lesioned hemisphere (p = 0.406; d = 0.25). |