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Alzheimer’s disease (AD)
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79 patients with AD, age range between 55–100 years.
Patients were randomly assigned to receive either probiotic plus selenium (200 μg/day), only selenium (200 μg/day) or placebo. |
Lactobacillus (L.) acidophilus, Bifidobacterium (B.) bifidum, and B. longum
|
12 weeks |
Probiotic with selenium co-supplementation improved cognitive function and regulates metabolic abnormality and oxidative stress. |
Level II |
Tamtaji et al. (2019)7979 Kouchaki E, Tamtaji OR, Salami M, et al. Clinical and metabolic response to probiotic supplementation in patients with multiple sclerosis: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Nutr 2017;36(05):1245–1249
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| 48 people with AD (age range between 65–90 years old) were divided into control group (n = 23) and probiotic group (n = 25). |
L. fermentum, L. plantarum, B. lactis, L. acidophilus, B. bifidum, and B. longum
|
12 weeks |
Observed regulation of serum metabolites, however, authors concluded that cognitive and biochemical parameters are insensitive to the probiotic supplementation. Moreover, probiotic formulation and dosage, the severity of AD and time of administration deeply affects results treatment. |
Level III |
Agahi et al. (2018)7676 Agahi A, Hamidi GA, Daneshvar R, et al. Does Severity of Alzheimer’s Disease Contribute to Its Responsiveness to Modifying Gut Microbiota? A Double Blind Clinical Trial. Front Neurol 2018; 9:662
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Parkinson’s disease (PD)
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120 patients with PD were randomly assigned (2:1) to either a fermented milk containing multiple probiotic strains plus prebiotic fiber (n = 80, aged 71.8 ± 7.7), or placebo (n = 40, aged 69.5 ± 10.3). |
Streptococcus (S.) salivarius subsp thermophilus, Enterococcus (E.) faecium, L. rhamnosus GG, L. acidophilus, L. plantarum, L. paracasei, L. delbrueckii subsp bulgaricus, and B. (breve and animalis subsp lactis).
Prebiotic treatment:Fructooligosaccharides
|
4 weeks |
In the treatment group, there was a significant increase in the number of complete bowel movements, improvements in bowel frequency, stool consistency, and frequency of laxative usage. Therefore, probiotic supplementation improved constipation in PD patients. |
Level II |
Barichella et al. (2016)5555 Strandwitz P. Neurotransmitter modulation by the gut microbiota. Brain Res 2018;1693(Pt B):128–133
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Multiple sclerosis (MS)
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65 patients with MS (18–50 years old) were randomized into intervention (n = 32) and received 2 multi-strain probiotic capsules daily, or into control group (n = 33). |
Bacillus subtilis PXN 21, B. bifidum PXN 23, B. breve PXN 25, B. infantis PXN 27, B. longum PXN 30, L. acidophilus PXN 35, L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus PXN 39, L. casei PXN 37, L. plantarum PXN 47, L. rhamnosus PXN 54, L. helveticus PXN 45, L. salivarius PXN 57, L. lactis ssp. lactis PXN 63, S. thermophilus PXN 66, plus cellulose and vegetable capsule (Hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose). |
6 months |
Probiotic supplementation for six months resulted in greater improvement in mental health parameters of patients with MS, significantly reducing depression severity, improving depression symptoms and life quality, reducing fatigue, and improving inflammatory biomarkers. |
Level II |
Rahimlou et al. (2022)7878 Rahimlou M, Nematollahi S, Husain D, Banaei-Jahromi N, Majdinasab N, Hosseini SA. Probiotic supplementation and systemic inflammation in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Front Neurosci 2022;16:901846
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| 60 MS patients (18–55 years old) were randomly allocated into probiotic (n = 30) or placebo (n = 30) group. |
L. acidophilus, L. casei, B. bifidum, and L. fermentum
|
12 weeks |
Probiotic supplementation showed favorable effects on the scores of Expanded Disability Status Scale
(EDSS), improved mental health parameters, inflammatory markers, insulin resistance, HDL-, total-/HDL-cholesterol and malondialdehyde levels. |
Level II |
Kouchaki et al. (2017)7979 Kouchaki E, Tamtaji OR, Salami M, et al. Clinical and metabolic response to probiotic supplementation in patients with multiple sclerosis: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Nutr 2017;36(05):1245–1249
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Insomnia
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156 adults (19–65 years) with subclinical symptoms of depression, anxiety, and insomnia were randomly assigned to receive either supplement (n = 78) or a placebo (n = 78). |
L. reuteri NK33 and B. adolescentis NK98 |
8 weeks |
Probiotic supplementation improved sleep quality, especially sleep induction. |
Level II |
Lee et al. (2021)8080 Lee HJ, Hong JK, Kim JK, et al. Effects of Probiotic NVP-1704 on Mental Health and Sleep in Healthy Adults: An 8-Week Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2021;13 (08):13
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Depression
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40 participants (between 20 and 40 years) with self-reported insomnia were randomly assigned into 2 groups, probiotic, or placebo group. |
Lactobacillus plantarum
PS128
|
30 days |
Daily probiotic supplementation may improve depressive symptoms and sleep quality of insomniacs. |
Level II |
Ho et al. (2021)8181 Ho YT, Tsai YC, Kuo TBJ, Yang CCH. Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum PS128 on Depressive Symptoms and Sleep Quality in Self-Reported Insomniacs: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Trial. Nutrients 2021;13(08):13
|
110 patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) (aged 36.5 ± 8.03).
Subjects were randomly assigned to receive probiotic (n = 38), prebiotic (n = 36), or placebo (n = 36). |
L. helveticus and B. longum.
Prebiotic treatment:Galactooligosaccharide
|
8 weeks |
The subjects with MDD that received probiotic supplements showed an improvement in Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) score compared with placebo, while no significant effect of prebiotic supplementation was observed. |
Level II |
Kazemi et al. (2019)8282 Kazemi A, Noorbala AA, AzamK, EskandariMH, Djafarian K. Effect of probiotic and prebiotic vs placebo on psychological outcomes in patients with major depressive disorder: A randomized clinical trial. Clin Nutr 2019;38(02):522–528
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| 105 obese participants (18–55 years old), were included in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial that included a 12-week weight loss period based on moderate energy restriction, followed by 12 weeks of weight maintenance. During the two phases, subjects received probiotic formulation (n = 62) or placebo (n = 63). |
L. rhamnosus GMCC1.3724
Prebiotic treatment: Oligofructose and inulin |
24 weeks |
The supplementation significantly increased weight loss and decreased food craving and BDI score when comparing to placebo group, as well as a better score in the Body Esteem Scale questionnaire. In men, the supplementation improved fasting fullness and cognitive restraint. |
Level II |
Sanchez et al. (2017)8383 Sanchez M, Darimont C, Panahi S, et al. Effects of a Diet-Based Weight-Reducing Program with Probiotic Supplementation on Satiety Efficiency, Eating Behaviour Traits, and Psychosocial Behaviours in Obese Individuals. Nutrients 2017;9(03):9
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Anxiety
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120 college students (aged between 18 and 24 years): 60 were allocated into anxiety group and 60 into control group. |
B. longum, B. lactis, B. adolescentis, Streptococcus (S.) thermophiles, L. acidophilus, and L. delbrueckii
|
15 consecutive days (twice per day) |
Probiotic supplementation group presented decreased anxiety scores and restored microbiota imbalance to the standard level. |
Level II |
Qin et al. (2021)8484 Qin Q, Liu H, Yang Y, et al. Probiotic Supplement Preparation Relieves Test Anxiety by Regulating Intestinal Microbiota in College Students. Dis Markers 2021;2021:5597401
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Depression and
anxiety
|
423 postnatal women (mean age: 33 years) were allocated into HN001 (n = 212, mean age 33.5 ± 4.24) or placebo (n = 211, mean age: 33.7 ± 4.44) group. |
L. hamnosus HN001 |
45 weeks |
Postnatal women who received the probiotic had significantly lower depression and anxiety scores in the postpartum period. The offered probiotic may be convenient for the prevention or treatment of depression and anxiety postpartum symptoms. |
Level II |
Slykerman et al. (2017)8585 Slykerman RF, Hood F, Wickens K, et al; Probiotic in Pregnancy Study Group. Effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 in Pregnancy on Postpartum Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety: A Randomised Double-blind Placebo-controlled Trial. EBioMedicine 2017;24:159–165
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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
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30 autistic children (aged 5 to 9 years), and 30 gender- and age-matched healthy controls were recruited. |
L. acidophilus, L. rhamnosus, and B. longum
|
3 months |
The probiotic supplementation significantly improved the autism severity and gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. |
Level II |
Shaaban et al. (2018)8686 Shaaban SY, El Gendy YG,Mehanna NS, et al. The role of probiotics in children with autism spectrum disorder: A prospective, openlabel study. Nutr Neurosci 2018;21(09):676–681
|
| 85 preschoolers with ASD (mean age: 4.2 years) were randomly allocated into probiotics (n = 42) or placebo (n = 43). |
S. thermophilus, B. breve, B. longum, B. infantis, L. acidophilus, L. plantarum, L. para-casei, and L. delbrueckii
|
6 months |
The group treated with probiotics improved some GI symptoms, adaptive functioning, and sensory profiles. Results suggest positive effects of probiotics on core autism symptoms. |
Level III |
Santocchi E et al. (2020)8787 Santocchi E, Guiducci L, Prosperi M, et al. Effects of Probiotic Supplementation on Gastrointestinal, Sensory and Core Symptoms in Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Front Psychiatry 2020;11:550593. Doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.550593
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.55059...
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Schizophrenia
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60 patients with chronic schizophrenia (mean age: 44 years) received either co-supplementation of 50,000 IU vitamin D 3 plus probiotic (n = 30) or placebo (n = 30). |
L. acidophilus,
B. bifidum, L. reuteri and
L. fermentum plus 50,000 IU of vitamin D3 |
12 weeks |
The probiotic significantly improved general and total Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) scores and, metabolic profiles. |
Level II |
Ghaderi et al. (2019)8888 Ghaderi A, Banafshe HR, Mirhosseini N, et al. Clinical and metabolic response to vitamin D plus probiotic in schizophrenia patients. BMC Psychiatry 2019;19(01):77
|
| 65 patients with schizophrenia were assigned to probiotic group (n = 33, mean age: 44.8 ± 11.2) or placebo group (n = 32, mean age: 48.1 ± 9.4). |
L. rhamnosus strain GG and B.animalis subsp. lactis strain Bb12 |
14 weeks |
The authors suggest that
supplementation with probiotics might ameliorate GI leakage in schizophrenia patients. |
Level II |
Tomasik et al. (2015)8989 Tomasik J, Yolken RH, Bahn S, Dickerson FB. Immunomodulatory Effects of Probiotic Supplementation in Schizophrenia Patients: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Biomark Insights 2015; 10:47–54
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Bipolar disorder (BD)
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20 euthymic individuals with BD. All participants received the probiotic supplementation for 3 months |
L. casei W56, L acidophilus W22, L. paracasei W20, B. Lactis W51 and W52, L. salivarius W24, B. bifidum W23, L. plantarum W26, Lactococcus lactis W19.
|
3 months |
The probiotic supplementation may improve the cognitive function, which might lead to better psychosocial, occupational, work, and financial functioning, in BD patients. |
Level IV |
Reininghaus et al. (2018)9090 Reininghaus EZ, Wetzlmair LC, Fellendorf FT, et al. The Impact of Probiotic Supplements on Cognitive Parameters in Euthymic Individuals with Bipolar Disorder: A Pilot Study. Neuropsychobiology 2018;•••:1–8
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