Considerações sobre o músculo estriado na desnutrição proteica estudo experimental, em ratos albinos

Nascimento, Osvaldo J. M.; Madi, Kalil; Silva, João Batista Guedes e; Soares Filho, Porphirio J.; Hahn, Myriam D; Couto, Bernardo; Freitas, Marcos R. G.

doi:10.1590/S0004-282X1990000400001

Resumos

Os efeitos da desnutrição sobre o músculo «gastrccnemius plantaris» de ratos albinos, limitando-se à genitora a dieta em 6,7% de proteínas e aos seus produtos, em 3,2% após o desmame, foram observados em microscopia óptica e eletrônica e comparados com os controles. Os animais, em número de 40, foram distribuídos em grupo hipoproteico e normal, sendo a metade de cada grupo sacrificada aos 15 dias e a restante, após o desmame, aoa 30 dias. Observamos acentuada redução ponderai dos ratos com alimentação bipoproteica, chegando a cerca de 50% em relação aos normais. As fibras do músculo estudado, nos ratos desnutridos, apresentaram importante redução de seus diâmetros. As reações histoquímicas revelaram que tanto as fibras do tipo I como as do tipo II estavam comprometidas, ocorrendo maior redução nas últimas. Fibras do tipo II, de pequena espessura, com aspecto de fibra P (fetal) foram encontradas nos animais subnutridos de 15 dias, denotando retardo na maturação destas fibras. As avaliações em ultramicroscopia não mostraram alterações específicas dia ultra-estrutura muscular, revelando apenas intensa redução do calibre das fibras, quando comparadas às dos ratos normais. Concluímos pela hipoplasia e não atrofia do tecido muscular dos animais submetidos a desnutrição pré e pós-natal. O presente estudo, somado a outros nos quais foram analisados a ponta anterior da medula e o nervo periférico de ratos desnutridos, permite-nos considerar que na privação proteica ocorrem retardo no desenvolvimento e hipoplasia da unidade mootra. Conjecturamos a possibilidade de, na amiotrofía espinhal progressiva da infância (doença de Werdnig-Hoffmann), acontecer também hipoplasia das fibras do tipo II e não atrofia, aventando a hipótese de, nesta doença, haver alterações no metabolismo proteico.

The effects of undernutrition on the «gastrocnemius plantaris» muscle of young albino nats were observed with light and electronmicroscopy and were compared with controls. Pregnant rats received a diet containing 6.7% protein and the neonates had a 3.2% protein diet after weaning. A total number of 40 animals were distributed in two groups: one nypoproteic and one control. Half of the animals of each group were killed 15 days after birth and the remaining ones at 30 days. We could observe important reduction in the weight of the undernourished rats reaching about 50% when compared with the control animals. An important reduction in the diameter of muscle fibers was noted in undernourished rats. Histochemical reactions showed that not only the type I but also the type II fibers were involved, the latter being more severely reduced in size. Type II fibers os small diameter, resembling F (fetal) fiber were found in animals at 15 days indicating a delay in maturation. TJltrastructural evaluation of the muscle did not show specific changes except for a severe reduction in the caliber of fibers when compared with control animals. We concluded that there was hypoplasia and not atrophy of the muscular tissue in animals submitted to pre- and post-natal undernutrition. The present study, associated with others in which the spinal motor cells and peripheral nerves of undernourished rats were analysed, allow us to consider that with protein deprivation there is a delay in the development, a hypoplasia of the motor unit. We think that in infantile progressive spinal amyotrophy (Werdnig-Hoffmann disease) there is possibly hypoplasia and not atrophy of the type II fibers and we postulate that a metabolic proteic problem is involved in this disease.

Osvaldo J. M. Nascimento^I; Kalil Madi^II; João Batista Guedes e Silva^III; Porphirio J. Soares Filho^III; Myriam D. Hahn^III; Bernardo Couto^IV; Marcos R. G. Freitas^I

^IProfessor Adjunto de Neurologia da UFF e UFRJ (Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro) - Trabalho da Disciplina de Neurologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF)

^IIChefe do Departamento de Patologia da UFRJ - Trabalho da Disciplina de Neurologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF)

^IIIProfessor Adjunto de Anatomia Patológica da UFF - Trabalho da Disciplina de Neurologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF)

^IVProfessor Titular de Neurologia da UFRJ - Trabalho da Disciplina de Neurologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF)

RESUMO

Os efeitos da desnutrição sobre o músculo «gastrccnemius plantaris» de ratos albinos, limitando-se à genitora a dieta em 6,7% de proteínas e aos seus produtos, em 3,2% após o desmame, foram observados em microscopia óptica e eletrônica e comparados com os controles. Os animais, em número de 40, foram distribuídos em grupo hipoproteico e normal, sendo a metade de cada grupo sacrificada aos 15 dias e a restante, após o desmame, aoa 30 dias. Observamos acentuada redução ponderai dos ratos com alimentação bipoproteica, chegando a cerca de 50% em relação aos normais. As fibras do músculo estudado, nos ratos desnutridos, apresentaram importante redução de seus diâmetros. As reações histoquímicas revelaram que tanto as fibras do tipo I como as do tipo II estavam comprometidas, ocorrendo maior redução nas últimas. Fibras do tipo II, de pequena espessura, com aspecto de fibra P (fetal) foram encontradas nos animais subnutridos de 15 dias, denotando retardo na maturação destas fibras. As avaliações em ultramicroscopia não mostraram alterações específicas dia ultra-estrutura muscular, revelando apenas intensa redução do calibre das fibras, quando comparadas às dos ratos normais. Concluímos pela hipoplasia e não atrofia do tecido muscular dos animais submetidos a desnutrição pré e pós-natal. O presente estudo, somado a outros nos quais foram analisados a ponta anterior da medula e o nervo periférico de ratos desnutridos, permite-nos considerar que na privação proteica ocorrem retardo no desenvolvimento e hipoplasia da unidade mootra. Conjecturamos a possibilidade de, na amiotrofía espinhal progressiva da infância (doença de Werdnig-Hoffmann), acontecer também hipoplasia das fibras do tipo II e não atrofia, aventando a hipótese de, nesta doença, haver alterações no metabolismo proteico.

SUMMARY

The effects of undernutrition on the «gastrocnemius plantaris» muscle of young albino nats were observed with light and electronmicroscopy and were compared with controls. Pregnant rats received a diet containing 6.7% protein and the neonates had a 3.2% protein diet after weaning. A total number of 40 animals were distributed in two groups: one nypoproteic and one control. Half of the animals of each group were killed 15 days after birth and the remaining ones at 30 days. We could observe important reduction in the weight of the undernourished rats reaching about 50% when compared with the control animals. An important reduction in the diameter of muscle fibers was noted in undernourished rats. Histochemical reactions showed that not only the type I but also the type II fibers were involved, the latter being more severely reduced in size. Type II fibers os small diameter, resembling F (fetal) fiber were found in animals at 15 days indicating a delay in maturation. TJltrastructural evaluation of the muscle did not show specific changes except for a severe reduction in the caliber of fibers when compared with control animals. We concluded that there was hypoplasia and not atrophy of the muscular tissue in animals submitted to pre- and post-natal undernutrition. The present study, associated with others in which the spinal motor cells and peripheral nerves of undernourished rats were analysed, allow us to consider that with protein deprivation there is a delay in the development, a hypoplasia of the motor unit. We think that in infantile progressive spinal amyotrophy (Werdnig-Hoffmann disease) there is possibly hypoplasia and not atrophy of the type II fibers and we postulate that a metabolic proteic problem is involved in this disease.

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Dr. Osvaldo J. M. Nascimento - Disciplina de Neurologia, Departamento de Medicina Clínica, UFF - Hospital Universitário Antonio Pedro - Rua Marquês do Paraná s/nº - 24200 Niterói RJ - Brasil.

Referências bibliográficas

1. Benton JW, Moser HW, Dodge PR, Carr S - Modification cf the schedule of myelination in tbe rat by early nutritional deprivation. Pediatrics 38:801, 1966.
2. Burke RE, Tsaris P - The correlation on physiological properties with histochemical characteristics in single muscle units. Ann N Y Acad Sci 228:145, 1974.
3. Chase HP, Dorsey J, McKhann GM - The effect of malnutrition on the synthesis of a myelin lipid. Pediatrics 40:551, 1967.
4. Chauhan S, Nayak NC, Ramalingaswami V - The heart nnd skeletal muscle in experimental protein malnutrition in Rhesus monkeys. J Path Bact 90:301, 1965.
5. Dastur DK, Manghani DK, Osuntokun BO, Sourander P, Kondo K - Neuromuscular and related changes in malnutrition: a review. J Neurol Sci 55:207, 1982.
6. Dubowitz V - Histochemical aspects of muscle disease. In Walton J (ed): Disorders of Voluntary Muscles. Ed 4. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, 1931, pg 261.
7. Dubowitz V, Pearse AGE - Enzymic activity of normal and dystrophic human muscle: a histochemical study. J Path Bact 81:365, 1961.
8. Griggs RC, Rennie MJ - Muscle wasting in muscular dystrophy: decreased protein synthesis or increased degradation? Ann Neurol 13:125, 1983.
9. Haltia M, Berlin O, Schucht H, Sourander P - Post-natal differentiation and growth of skeletal muscle fibers in normal and undernourish.id rats: a histochemical and morphometric study. J Neurol Sci 36:25, 1978.
10. Hansen-Smith FM, Maksud MG, Van Horn DL - Effect of dietary protein restriction or food restriction on oxygen consuption and mitochondrial distribution in cardiac and red and white skeletal muscle of rats. J Nutr 107:525, 1977.
11. Hansen-Smith FM, Picou D, Golden MH - Growth of muscle fibers during recovery form severe malnutrition in Jamaican infants, Br J Nutr 41:275, 1979.
12. Hennaman E, Olson CB - Relations between structure and function in the design of siceletal muscles. J Neurophysiol 28:581, 1965.
13. Howells KF, Hulme JML., Jordan TC - Sex-related differences in the response of fast and slow muscle fibers to early undernutrition. Res Exp Med (Berlin) 176:137, 1979.
14. Howells KF, Mathews DR, Jordan TC - Effects of pre end perinatal malnutrition on muscle fibers from fast and slow rats muscles. Res Exp Med (Berlin) 173:35, 1978.
15. Kumar A, Ghai OP, Singh N - Delayed nerve conduction velocities in children with protein-calorie malnutrition. J Pediatr 90:149, 1977.
16. Madi K, Campos SD - Desnutrição experimental: resultados anátomo-patológieos e bioquímicos da administração de dietas hipoprotéicas a ratos albinos jovens. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 73:153, 1975.
17. Madi K, De Paola D - Deficiências nutricionais. In De Paola D (ed): Mecanismos Básicos de Doença. Atheneu, Rio de Janeiro, 1977, pg 138.
18. Madi K, Jervis HR, Anderson PR, Zimmerman MR - A protein-deficient diet: effect on the liver, pancreas, stomach and small intestine of the rat. Arch Path 89:38, 1970.
19. Madi K, Takiya CM, Nogueira RS - Aspectos morfológicos do ecossistema intestinal: estudo evolutivo do complexo flora-mucosa. An Microbiol (Rio de Janeiro) 27:11, 1982.
20. Montgomery RD - Muscle morfology in infantile protein malnutrition. J Clin Path 15:511, 1962.
21. Nascimento OJM - Heredo-amiotrofias medulares progressivas. Tese. Rio de Janeiro, 1979.
22. Oldfors A, Mair WGP, Sourander P - Muscle changes in protein-deprived young rats: a morphometrical, histochemical and ultrastructural study. J Neurol Sci 59:291, 1983.
23. Oldfors A, Sourander P - Effects of training of skeletal muscle in protein-deprived rats. J Neurol Sci 69:1, 1985.
24. Onofre AF - Efeito da desnutrição aguda sobre o diafragira: estudo experimental em coelhos. Tese. Rio de Janeiro, 1987.
25. Oscai L.B, Molé PA, Hollosky JO - Effects of exercise on cardiac weight and mitochondria in male and female rats. Am J Physiol 220:1944, 1971.
26. Piatt BS, Stewart RJC - Effects of protein-culorie deficiency on dogs: 2. Morphological changes in the nervous system. Develop Med Child Neurol 11:174, 1969.
27. Racela AS Jr, Grady HJ, Higginson J, Svoboda DJ - Protein deficiency in Rhesus monkeys. Am J Pathol 49:419, 1966.
28. Sachdev KK, Taori GM, Pereira SM - Neuromuscular status in protein-calorie malnutrition. Neurology 21:801, 1971.
29. Sima A - Studies on fibre size in developing sciatic nerve and rehabilitated rats. Acta Physiol Scand suppl 406:1, 1974.
30. Singh RS. Agrawal SP, Dikshit SK - Serum enzymes in nutritional muscular wasting. Indian J Pediatr 39:383, 1972.
31. Stewart RJC, Preece RF, Sheppard HG - Twelve generations of marginal protein deficiency. Br J Nufr 33:233, 1975.
32. Wainio WW, Allison JB, Kremzner LT, Bernstein E, Aronoff M - Enzymes in protein depletion: III. Enzymes of brain, kidney, skeletal muscle and spleen. J Nutr 67:197, 1959.
33. Walsh G, DeVivo D, Olson W - Histochemical and ultrastructural changes in rat muscle. Arch Neurol 24:83, 1971.
34. Werneck LC - O valor da biópsia muscular em neurologia: análise de 290 exames a fresco e pela histoquímica. Rev Bras Clin Terap 10:2, 1981.

Considerações sobre o músculo estriado na desnutrição proteica estudo experimental, em ratos albinos

Considerations about the striate muscle in protein deprivation: an experimental study in albino rats.

Datas de Publicação

Publicação nesta coleção
19 Maio 2011
Data do Fascículo
Dez 1990

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

[1] 1. Benton JW, Moser HW, Dodge PR, Carr S - Modification cf the schedule of myelination in tbe rat by early nutritional deprivation. Pediatrics 38:801, 1966.

[2] 2. Burke RE, Tsaris P - The correlation on physiological properties with histochemical characteristics in single muscle units. Ann N Y Acad Sci 228:145, 1974.

[3] 3. Chase HP, Dorsey J, McKhann GM - The effect of malnutrition on the synthesis of a myelin lipid. Pediatrics 40:551, 1967.

[4] 4. Chauhan S, Nayak NC, Ramalingaswami V - The heart nnd skeletal muscle in experimental protein malnutrition in Rhesus monkeys. J Path Bact 90:301, 1965.

[5] 5. Dastur DK, Manghani DK, Osuntokun BO, Sourander P, Kondo K - Neuromuscular and related changes in malnutrition: a review. J Neurol Sci 55:207, 1982.

[6] 6. Dubowitz V - Histochemical aspects of muscle disease. In Walton J (ed): Disorders of Voluntary Muscles. Ed 4. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, 1931, pg 261.

[7] 7. Dubowitz V, Pearse AGE - Enzymic activity of normal and dystrophic human muscle: a histochemical study. J Path Bact 81:365, 1961.

[8] 8. Griggs RC, Rennie MJ - Muscle wasting in muscular dystrophy: decreased protein synthesis or increased degradation? Ann Neurol 13:125, 1983.

[9] 9. Haltia M, Berlin O, Schucht H, Sourander P - Post-natal differentiation and growth of skeletal muscle fibers in normal and undernourish.id rats: a histochemical and morphometric study. J Neurol Sci 36:25, 1978.

[10] 10. Hansen-Smith FM, Maksud MG, Van Horn DL - Effect of dietary protein restriction or food restriction on oxygen consuption and mitochondrial distribution in cardiac and red and white skeletal muscle of rats. J Nutr 107:525, 1977.

[11] 11. Hansen-Smith FM, Picou D, Golden MH - Growth of muscle fibers during recovery form severe malnutrition in Jamaican infants, Br J Nutr 41:275, 1979.

[12] 12. Hennaman E, Olson CB - Relations between structure and function in the design of siceletal muscles. J Neurophysiol 28:581, 1965.

[13] 13. Howells KF, Hulme JML., Jordan TC - Sex-related differences in the response of fast and slow muscle fibers to early undernutrition. Res Exp Med (Berlin) 176:137, 1979.

[14] 14. Howells KF, Mathews DR, Jordan TC - Effects of pre end perinatal malnutrition on muscle fibers from fast and slow rats muscles. Res Exp Med (Berlin) 173:35, 1978.

[15] 15. Kumar A, Ghai OP, Singh N - Delayed nerve conduction velocities in children with protein-calorie malnutrition. J Pediatr 90:149, 1977.

[16] 16. Madi K, Campos SD - Desnutrição experimental: resultados anátomo-patológieos e bioquímicos da administração de dietas hipoprotéicas a ratos albinos jovens. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 73:153, 1975.

[17] 17. Madi K, De Paola D - Deficiências nutricionais. In De Paola D (ed): Mecanismos Básicos de Doença. Atheneu, Rio de Janeiro, 1977, pg 138.

[18] 18. Madi K, Jervis HR, Anderson PR, Zimmerman MR - A protein-deficient diet: effect on the liver, pancreas, stomach and small intestine of the rat. Arch Path 89:38, 1970.

[19] 19. Madi K, Takiya CM, Nogueira RS - Aspectos morfológicos do ecossistema intestinal: estudo evolutivo do complexo flora-mucosa. An Microbiol (Rio de Janeiro) 27:11, 1982.

[20] 20. Montgomery RD - Muscle morfology in infantile protein malnutrition. J Clin Path 15:511, 1962.

[21] 21. Nascimento OJM - Heredo-amiotrofias medulares progressivas. Tese. Rio de Janeiro, 1979.

[22] 22. Oldfors A, Mair WGP, Sourander P - Muscle changes in protein-deprived young rats: a morphometrical, histochemical and ultrastructural study. J Neurol Sci 59:291, 1983.

[23] 23. Oldfors A, Sourander P - Effects of training of skeletal muscle in protein-deprived rats. J Neurol Sci 69:1, 1985.

[24] 24. Onofre AF - Efeito da desnutrição aguda sobre o diafragira: estudo experimental em coelhos. Tese. Rio de Janeiro, 1987.

[25] 25. Oscai L.B, Molé PA, Hollosky JO - Effects of exercise on cardiac weight and mitochondria in male and female rats. Am J Physiol 220:1944, 1971.

[26] 26. Piatt BS, Stewart RJC - Effects of protein-culorie deficiency on dogs: 2. Morphological changes in the nervous system. Develop Med Child Neurol 11:174, 1969.

[27] 27. Racela AS Jr, Grady HJ, Higginson J, Svoboda DJ - Protein deficiency in Rhesus monkeys. Am J Pathol 49:419, 1966.

[28] 28. Sachdev KK, Taori GM, Pereira SM - Neuromuscular status in protein-calorie malnutrition. Neurology 21:801, 1971.

[29] 29. Sima A - Studies on fibre size in developing sciatic nerve and rehabilitated rats. Acta Physiol Scand suppl 406:1, 1974.

[30] 30. Singh RS. Agrawal SP, Dikshit SK - Serum enzymes in nutritional muscular wasting. Indian J Pediatr 39:383, 1972.

[31] 31. Stewart RJC, Preece RF, Sheppard HG - Twelve generations of marginal protein deficiency. Br J Nufr 33:233, 1975.

[32] 32. Wainio WW, Allison JB, Kremzner LT, Bernstein E, Aronoff M - Enzymes in protein depletion: III. Enzymes of brain, kidney, skeletal muscle and spleen. J Nutr 67:197, 1959.

[33] 33. Walsh G, DeVivo D, Olson W - Histochemical and ultrastructural changes in rat muscle. Arch Neurol 24:83, 1971.

[34] 34. Werneck LC - O valor da biópsia muscular em neurologia: análise de 290 exames a fresco e pela histoquímica. Rev Bras Clin Terap 10:2, 1981.