First stages towards the establishment of Brazilian neurology faculties

The establishment of modern medicine in Brazil was marked by the arrival of the Portuguese Court in 1808, when the Bahia and Rio de Janeiro Faculties of Medicine were founded. The French School of Medicine exerted a strong influence on Brazilian medicine and on the main pioneers of Brazilian neurology. The elite of “Parisian neurology” trained students and doctors from around the world, and were mentors to the pioneers of Brazilian neurology in the early 20^th century. In this article, the authors review the origins of neurology faculties in Brazilian medicine and the main pioneers of Brazilian neurology. Neurology is certainly a continuously changing field and has always adapted to new advances and discoveries, and it is an honor for the authors to pay homage to their pioneers.

Keywords:
Schools, medical; neurology; history

Authorship

Alex Tiburtino Meira

Universidade Federal do Paraná, Hospital de Clínicas, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Serviço de Neurologia, Curitiba PR, Brasil;Universidade Federal do ParanáBrasilCuritiba, PR, BrasilUniversidade Federal do Paraná, Hospital de Clínicas, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Serviço de Neurologia, Curitiba PR, Brasil;

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6685-7491

Beatriz Gioppo Betini

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3714-6471

Francisco Cardoso

Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Hospital das Clínicas, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Serviço de Neurologia, Belo horizonte MG, Brasil;Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisBrasilBelo horizonte, MG, BrasilUniversidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Hospital das Clínicas, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Serviço de Neurologia, Belo horizonte MG, Brasil;

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0808-0116

Marleide da Mota Gomes

Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Departamento de Neurologia, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brasil;Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroBrasilRio de Janeiro, RJ, BrasilUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Departamento de Neurologia, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brasil;

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8889-2573

Egberto Reis Barbosa

Universidade de São Paulo, Hospital das Clínicas, Serviço de Neurologia, Ambulatório de Distúrbios do Movimento, São Paulo SP, Brasil;Universidade de São PauloBrasilSão Paulo, SP, BrasilUniversidade de São Paulo, Hospital das Clínicas, Serviço de Neurologia, Ambulatório de Distúrbios do Movimento, São Paulo SP, Brasil;

Roberto César Pereira do Prado

Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Departamento de Neurologia, Aracajú SE, Brasil.Universidade Federal de SergipeBrasilAracajú, SE, BrasilUniversidade Federal de Sergipe, Departamento de Neurologia, Aracajú SE, Brasil.

Hélio Afonso Ghizoni Teive Correspondence: Hélio A. G. Teive; Rua General Carneiro, 1103/102, Centro; 80060-150 Curitiba PR, Brasil; E-mail: hagteive@mps.com.br

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4045-1178

Correspondence: Hélio A. G. Teive; Rua General Carneiro, 1103/102, Centro; 80060-150 Curitiba PR, Brasil; E-mail: hagteive@mps.com.br

Conflict of interest: There is no conflict of interest to declare.

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (4)
Tables (1)

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Figure 1
Beginnings of Neurology in Brazil. From left to right, top row: 1. José Martins da Cruz Jobim (1802-1878); 2. João Vicente Torres Homem (1837-1887); 3. Antônio Austregésilo Rodrigues de Lima (1876-1960); 4. Aloysio de Castro (1881-1959); 5. Enjolras Vampré (1895-1938). From left to right, bottom row: 6. Deolindo Augusto de Nunes Couto (1902-1992); 7. Adherbal Tolosa (1899-1973); 8. Oswaldo Lange (1903-1986); 9. Paulino Watt Longo (1903-1967); 10. Paulo Pinto Pupo. 1, 2, 4, 5 and 6: http://www.anm.org.br; 3. Ao professor Antônio Austregésilo. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 1945; 3 (2): 117-120; 7. Teive, Hélio A. Ghizoni, & Caramelli, Paulo. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria: 75 years. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria. 2018; 76(1): 50-52; 8. Lange, O. Prof. Adherbal Pinheiro Machado Tolosa: homenagem pelo 70° aniversário natalício. Um mestre. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 1969; 27 (4): 9. Lange, O. In memoriam. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 1967; 25 (4): 316-317; 10. Lange, O. Professor Paulo Pinto Pupo 1911-1970. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 1970; 28 (3): 303-305.

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Figure 2
Two of the three pioneering works in the neurology literature in Brazil. A. Lições sobre as moléstias do systema nervoso feitas na Faculdade de medicina do Rio de Janeiro (João Vicente Torres Homem − 1878). B. Tractado de semiotica nervosa (Aluysio de Castro − 1914). Extracted from: A: http://www.babelleiloes.com.br/peca.asp?ID=2764957; B: https://www.discounts-exclusive.top/br%C3%A9sil-aloysio-de-castro-tractado-de-semiotica-nervosa-editions-breguiet-1914-p-9140.html.

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Figure 3
Institute of Neurology in Brazil. The first Institute of Neurology in Brazil, located in Rio de Janeiro, and founded in 1946, by Deolindo Couto. Source: photograph by the authors (MMG).

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Figure 4
Professor Enjolras Vampré. On May 17, 1938, Enjolras Vampré suffered a severe stroke, and died at the age of 53. A. Article from the Correio Paulistano on the day of his death; B. Photo of his last lecture showing the blackboard immediately after he suffered the stroke; C. Photo of his last lecture moments before the stroke.

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Table
Milestones of Brazilian Neurology: 1831 to 1964.

Figure 1 Beginnings of Neurology in Brazil. From left to right, top row: 1. José Martins da Cruz Jobim (1802-1878); 2. João Vicente Torres Homem (1837-1887); 3. Antônio Austregésilo Rodrigues de Lima (1876-1960); 4. Aloysio de Castro (1881-1959); 5. Enjolras Vampré (1895-1938). From left to right, bottom row: 6. Deolindo Augusto de Nunes Couto (1902-1992); 7. Adherbal Tolosa (1899-1973); 8. Oswaldo Lange (1903-1986); 9. Paulino Watt Longo (1903-1967); 10. Paulo Pinto Pupo. 1, 2, 4, 5 and 6: http://www.anm.org.br; 3. Ao professor Antônio Austregésilo. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 1945; 3 (2): 117-120; 7. Teive, Hélio A. Ghizoni, & Caramelli, Paulo. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria: 75 years. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria. 2018; 76(1): 50-52; 8. Lange, O. Prof. Adherbal Pinheiro Machado Tolosa: homenagem pelo 70° aniversário natalício. Um mestre. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 1969; 27 (4): 9. Lange, O. In memoriam. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 1967; 25 (4): 316-317; 10. Lange, O. Professor Paulo Pinto Pupo 1911-1970. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 1970; 28 (3): 303-305.

Figure 2 Two of the three pioneering works in the neurology literature in Brazil. A. Lições sobre as moléstias do systema nervoso feitas na Faculdade de medicina do Rio de Janeiro (João Vicente Torres Homem − 1878). B. Tractado de semiotica nervosa (Aluysio de Castro − 1914). Extracted from: A: http://www.babelleiloes.com.br/peca.asp?ID=2764957; B: https://www.discounts-exclusive.top/br%C3%A9sil-aloysio-de-castro-tractado-de-semiotica-nervosa-editions-breguiet-1914-p-9140.html.

Figure 3 Institute of Neurology in Brazil. The first Institute of Neurology in Brazil, located in Rio de Janeiro, and founded in 1946, by Deolindo Couto. Source: photograph by the authors (MMG).

Figure 4 Professor Enjolras Vampré. On May 17, 1938, Enjolras Vampré suffered a severe stroke, and died at the age of 53. A. Article from the Correio Paulistano on the day of his death; B. Photo of his last lecture showing the blackboard immediately after he suffered the stroke; C. Photo of his last lecture moments before the stroke.

Table Milestones of Brazilian Neurology: 1831 to 1964.

1831	Publication of Insania loquaz (1835), by one of the pioneers of neuropsychiatry in Brazil, José Martins da Cruz Jobim, the first publication about mental illness in Brazil.
1852	Inauguration of the D. Pedro II Hospice.
1867	João Carlos Teixeira Brandão appointed director of D. Pedro II Hospice.
1878	Publication of the first Brazilian book on neurology: Lessons about the disorders of the nervous system (João Vicente Torres Homem).
1881	Foundation of the General Polyclinic of Rio de Janeiro.
1882^* * In comparison, in 1882, the Chair of Neurology was created, in Paris, and awarded to Jean Martin Charcot (1825–1893).	Creation of the chair of Mental Diseases (Law n° 3.141, October 30, 1882).
1883	First public competition for the chair of Nervous and Mental Diseases, at the Faculty of Medicine of Rio de Janeiro. João Carlos Teixeira Brandão was the winner.
1886	Second public competition for the specialist field, in the Faculty of Medicine of Bahia, Augusto Freire de Maia Bittencourt was the winner (1886–1891).
1890	The D. Pedro II Hospice is now called the National Hospice of the Injured and is separate from the Holy House of Mercy.
1898	Inauguration of the Juqueri Hospital, in São Paulo, under the directorship of Francisco Franco da Rocha.
1903	Juliano Moreira is appointed the director of the National Hospice of the Injured, a post he held until 1930.
1905	Juliano Moreira began editing the Brazilian Archives of Psychiatry, Neurology and Legal Medicine.
1907	Founding, (in Rio de Janeiro), of the Brazilian Society of Psychiatry, Neurology and Legal Medicine.
1912	Neurology became an independent medical specialty at the Rio de Janeiro medical school.
1914	Aloysio de Castro published Tractado de Semiotica Nervosa. Luiz Pinto de Carvalho was appointed to the second chair of Neurology in Brazil, at the Faculty of Medicine, Bahia.
1915	Official division of the chairs of Psychiatry and Neurology (Decree n° 11.530, 1915, art. 42).
1925	Enjolras Vampré appointed to the chair of Neurological and Psychiatric Clinic of the Faculty of Medicine of São Paulo.
1935	Aloysio de Castro published Semiotica Nervosa. Enjolras Vampré assumed the chair of Neurology at the Faculty of Medicine of São Paulo.
1938	Adherbal Tolosa replaced Enjolras Vampré, who died prematurely. Ulysses Pernambucano was appointed a full professor of the Neurological Clinic of the Faculty of Medicine of Pernambuco. Ulysses Pernambucano published the Neurobiologia magazine.
1943	Osvaldo Lange, Adherbal Tolosa and Paulino Watt Longo founded the Archives of Neuro-Psychiatry.
1945	Deolindo Couto assumed the chair of Neurology at the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Brazil.
1946	Foundation of the first Institute of Neurology in Brazil (by Deolindo Couto).
1962	Foundation of Brazilian Academy of Neurology (patron Deolindo Couto).
1964	First Brazilian Neurology Congress.

Adapted from3.
^*
In comparison, in 1882, the Chair of Neurology was created, in Paris, and awarded to Jean Martin Charcot (1825–1893).

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[1] Correspondence: Hélio A. G. Teive; Rua General Carneiro, 1103/102, Centro; 80060-150 Curitiba PR, Brasil; E-mail: hagteive@mps.com.br