The neurological complications following 320 heart surgery, with an incidence of 7,8% are reported. The most common etiology were air embolus (4,0%) and cerebral ischaemia following hypotension (2,4%). The authors analyse the pathogenesis of the cerebral complication and attempt to correlate it with the cerebral blood flow, brain metabolism and dynamics of the small cerebral vessels. A revision about the most common methods of treatment of cerebral ischaemia is made.