EXPLORING CORTICAL BONE DENSITY THROUGH THE ULTRASOUND INTEGRATED REFLECTION COEFFICIENT

This work evaluates the relationship between ultrasonic reflection and bone density from fourteen cylindrical bovine cortical bone samples (3.0-cm thick).

Methods:

Twenty US reflection signals per sample were acquired along the bone surface (2.0-mm step). The Integrated Reflection Coefficient (IRC) from each signal was compared to Quantitative Computed Tomography (QCT).

Results:

Seven IRC and QCT curves presented Pearson's Correlation R-values above 0.5. For weak correlation curves, QCT and IRC showed similar trends in several segments.

Conclusion:

IRC was sensitive to bone density variation. Level of Evidence: Experimental Study, Investigating a Diagnostic Test.

Keywords:
Ultrasonics; Cortical bone; Bone and Bones; Tomography; Bone density

Authorship

Daniel Patterson Matusin Correspondence: Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro – UFRJ/Instituto Alberto Luiz Coimbra de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa de Engenharia - COPPE/Programa de Engenharia Biomédica. Av. Horácio Macedo, 2030, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; PO Box 68.510. 21941-914. patter.daniel@gmail.com

Biomedical Engineering Program, Instituto Alberto Luiz Coimbra de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa de Engenharia (COPPE), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroBrazilRio de Janeiro, RJ, BrazilBiomedical Engineering Program, Instituto Alberto Luiz Coimbra de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa de Engenharia (COPPE), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2534-2555

Aldo José Fontes-Pereira

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3584-3342

Paulo Tadeu Cardozo Ribeiro Rosa

Thiago Barboza

Laboratório de Marcação de Células e Moléculas (LMCM), Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroBrazilRio de Janeiro, RJ, BrazilLaboratório de Marcação de Células e Moléculas (LMCM), Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.

Laboratório microPET/SPECT/CT, Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem (CENABIO), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroBrazilRio de Janeiro, RJ, BrazilLaboratório microPET/SPECT/CT, Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem (CENABIO), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0970-1236

Sergio Augusto Lopes de Souza

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7901-4805

Marco Antônio von Krüger

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4574-695X

Wagner Coelho de Albuquerque Pereira

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5880-3242

Correspondence: Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro – UFRJ/Instituto Alberto Luiz Coimbra de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa de Engenharia - COPPE/Programa de Engenharia Biomédica. Av. Horácio Macedo, 2030, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; PO Box 68.510. 21941-914. patter.daniel@gmail.com

All authors declare no potential conflict of interest related to this article.

AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS: Each author made significant individual contributions to this manuscript. DPM (0000-0002-2534-2555)* provided the concept/research design and carried out the data collection, wrote the article, and reviewed and analyzed the data analysis; AJFP (0000-0003-3584-3342)* provided the concept/research design, wrote the article, and reviewed, and analyzed the data analysis; PTCRR (0000-0000-0000-0000)* provided the data collection and reviewed the article; TB (0000-0003-0970-1236)* provided the data collection, wrote the article, and reviewed the article; SALS (0000-0002-7901-4805)* provided the data collection, wrote the article, reviewed the article and contributed to the intellectual concept of the study; MAVK (0000-0003-4574-695X)* wrote the article, and contributed to the intellectual concept of the study and the entire research project; WCAP (0000-0001-5880-3242)* wrote the article, performed the statistical analysis, and contributed to the intellectual concept of the study and the entire research project. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. *ORCID (Open Researcher and Contributor ID).

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables | Formulas

Figures (7)
Tables (1)
Formulas (2)

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Figure 1
QCT image with the four quadrants division. Square windows are the regions of US signal acquisition. QCT mean values (HU) were estimated for the same regions.

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Figure 2
Experimental setup for US signal acquisition. A - Pulse generator; B – US transducer; C – cylindrical disc sample of bovine bone; D – Polished steel reflector; E – Acoustic tank; F – Oscilloscope; G – Microcomputer; H - cortical bone ultrasound signal; I - reference steel plate signal.

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Figure 3
Twenty values of IRC and QCT from sample 1A (normalized scale). This sample presented the higher R-value: 0.86.

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Figure 4
Twenty values of IRC and QCT from sample 2B (normalized scale). Figure show the similarity of plateaus formation on samples every five points according to signal acquisition characteristics. R-value of 0.63.

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Figure 5
Twenty values of IRC and QCT from sample 3A (normalized scale). IRC values have a fluctuation for the first 15 points and grow when the density is higher on last five points. R-value of 0.76.

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Figure 6
Twenty values of IRC and QCT from sample 1B (normalized scale). The curves present a weak correlation (R-value 0.14). It is possible observe a shift on IRC values that happen in between the sequences of five points obtained at each quadrant.

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Figure 7
Twenty values of IRC and QCT from sample 4B (normalized scale). Even with weak correlation (R = 0.01), values present similar curves between five points sequences, from 6 to 10 and 11 to 15, when the signal acquisition is closer.

Thumbnail

Table 1
R and p-values of Pearson correlation values between IRC and bone density from QCT, point to point for each bone samples of each animal.

Thumbnail

Figure 1 QCT image with the four quadrants division. Square windows are the regions of US signal acquisition. QCT mean values (HU) were estimated for the same regions.

Figure 2 Experimental setup for US signal acquisition. A - Pulse generator; B – US transducer; C – cylindrical disc sample of bovine bone; D – Polished steel reflector; E – Acoustic tank; F – Oscilloscope; G – Microcomputer; H - cortical bone ultrasound signal; I - reference steel plate signal.

Figure 3 Twenty values of IRC and QCT from sample 1A (normalized scale). This sample presented the higher R-value: 0.86.

Figure 4 Twenty values of IRC and QCT from sample 2B (normalized scale). Figure show the similarity of plateaus formation on samples every five points according to signal acquisition characteristics. R-value of 0.63.

Figure 5 Twenty values of IRC and QCT from sample 3A (normalized scale). IRC values have a fluctuation for the first 15 points and grow when the density is higher on last five points. R-value of 0.76.

Figure 6 Twenty values of IRC and QCT from sample 1B (normalized scale). The curves present a weak correlation (R-value 0.14). It is possible observe a shift on IRC values that happen in between the sequences of five points obtained at each quadrant.

Figure 7 Twenty values of IRC and QCT from sample 4B (normalized scale). Even with weak correlation (R = 0.01), values present similar curves between five points sequences, from 6 to 10 and 11 to 15, when the signal acquisition is closer.

Table 1 R and p-values of Pearson correlation values between IRC and bone density from QCT, point to point for each bone samples of each animal.

Animal	Sample	Pearson
Animal	Sample	R	p
1	A	0.86	0.000001
	B	0.14	0.561
	C	0.51	0.02
2	A	0.33	0.153
	B	0.63	0.003
	C	0.02	0.929
3	A	0.76	0.0001
	B	0.74	0.0001
	C	0.38	0.097
4	A	0.60	0.005
	B	0.01	0.974
	C	0.63	0.002
5	A	0.19	0.415
5	C	0.48	0.031

R T F = 10 \log_{10} P_{s p e c i m e n} (f) - 10 \log_{10} P_{r e f e r e n c e} (f),

I R C = \frac{∫_{f_{l o w}}^{f_{h i g h}} (R T F) d f}{f_{h i g h} - f_{l o w}}

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EXPLORING CORTICAL BONE DENSITY THROUGH THE ULTRASOUND INTEGRATED REFLECTION COEFFICIENT

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[1] Correspondence: Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro – UFRJ/Instituto Alberto Luiz Coimbra de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa de Engenharia - COPPE/Programa de Engenharia Biomédica. Av. Horácio Macedo, 2030, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; PO Box 68.510. 21941-914. patter.daniel@gmail.com