Almeida DC, Franco MCP, Santos DRP, Santos MC, Maltoni IS, Mascotte F, et al., 2021, Brazil.(16)
|
Retrospective cohort |
IV |
|
Hypertension and vasoactive drugs |
28% |
40% (79) |
Doher MP, Carvalho FRT, Scherer PF, Matsui TN, Ammirati AL, Silva BC, et al., 2020, Brazil.(17)
|
Retrospective cohort |
IV |
|
↑ initial creatinine level, use of diuretics and use of mechanical ventilation |
12% |
24% (24) |
Neves PDMM, Sato VAH, Mohrbacher S, Ferreira BMC, Oliveira ES, Pereira LVB, et al., 2021, Brazil.(18)
|
Retrospective |
IV |
|
Hypertension and use of mechanical ventilation |
16% |
28% (15) |
Zamoner W, Santos CAS, Magalhães LE, de Oliveira PGS, Balbi AL, Ponce D, 2020, Brazil.(19)
|
Prospective cohort |
IV |
|
Obesity, use of corticosteroids, ↑ APACHE II* and SOFA† scores |
34% |
67% (34) |
Casas-Aparicio GA, León-Rodríguez I, Alvarado-de la Barrera C, González-Navarro M, Peralta-Prado AB, Luna-Villalobos Y, et al., 2021, Mexico.(20)
|
Retrospective cohort |
IV |
|
↑ age, obesity and use of invasive mechanical ventilation |
38% |
66% (38) |
Martínez-Rueda AJ, Álvarez RD, Méndez-Pérez RA, Fernández-Camargo DA, Gaytan-Arocha JE, Berman-Parks N, et al., 2021, Mexico.(21)
|
Retrospective cohort |
IV |
|
Chronic kidney disease, hypertension, ↑ CHF‡, ↑ SOFA† score. For hospital-acquired acute kidney injury: mechanical ventilation, ↑ troponin I levels and ↑ glucose admission |
16% |
52% (182) |
Azam TU, Shadid HR, Blakely P, O’Hayer P, Berlin H, Pan M, et al., 2020, United States.(22)
|
Multicentric |
IV |
|
↑ age, male gender, ↑ BMI§, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, mechanical ventilation, ↓ GFR||, ↑ ferritin, ↑ d-dimer and ↑ LDH¶. |
- |
- |
Bowe B, Cai M, Xie Y, Gibson AK, Maddukuri G, Al-Aly Z, 2020, United States .(23)
|
Cohort |
IV |
|
↑ age, male gender, black ethnicity, diabetes mellitus and hypertension, ↓ baseline GFR||, use of iECA** and diuretics |
11% |
34% (559) |
Fisher M, Neugarten J, Bellin E, Yunes M, Stahl L, Johns TS, et al., 2020, United States.(24)
|
Retrospective |
IV |
|
↑ age, male gender and black ethnicity |
19% |
34% (641) |
Hirsch JS, Ng JH, Ross DW, Sharma P, Shah HH, Barnett RL, et al., 2020, United States .(25)
|
Retrospective |
IV |
|
↑ age, blacks, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, use of mechanical ventilation and vasopressors |
13% |
35% (694) |
Nimkar A, Naaraayan A, Hasan A, Pant S, Durdevic M, Suarez CN, et al., 2020, United States .(26)
|
Retrospective |
IV |
|
↑ age, African-American ethnicity, chronic kidney disease and hyperlipidemia |
32% |
58% (104) |
Zahid U, Ramachandran P, Spitalewitz S, Alasadi L, Chakraborti A, Azhar M, et al., 2020, United States .(27)
|
Retrospective cohort : single center |
IV |
|
male gender, hypertension, use of iECA**, hemodynamic instability, more severe refractory hypoxemia and mechanical ventilation |
19% |
71% (91) |
See YP, Young BE, Ang LW, Ooi XY, Chan CP, Looi WL, et al., 2020, Cingapure.(28)
|
Retrospective cohort |
IV |
|
↑ age, hypertension, dyslipidemia, use of drugs: iECA** or ARB††, vancomycin and NSAID‡‡, severity of COVID {hypoxemia} |
1% |
12% (7) |
Chebotareva N, Berns S, Berns A, Androsova T, Lebedeva M, Moiseev S, 2021, Russia.(29)
|
Cohort |
IV |
|
↑ age, ↓ GFR||, ↑ C-reactive protein, ↑ ferritin, ↑ activated partial thromboplastin time, ↑ maximum d-dimer and acute respiratory distress syndrome |
9% |
31% (114) |
Sarkisian DK, Chebotareva NV, McDonnell V, Oganesyan AV, Krasnova TN, Makarov EA, 2021, Russia.(30)
|
Retrospective |
IV |
|
Age > 60 years, ↑ C-reactive protein and ↓ platelets. Proteinuria and hematuria. |
35% |
76% (13) |
Chan KW, Hung IF-N, Tsang OT-Y, Wu TC, Tso EY-K, Lung KC, et al., 2021, China.(31)
|
Retrospective cohort |
IV |
|
↑ age, smoking, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, use of iECA**/BRA††, ↑ C-reactive protein, ↑ LDH¶ and ↑ creatine kinase, ↓ serum albumin, ↓ GFR||, presence of pulmonary abnormality |
1% |
14% (3) |
Chen Z, Gao C, Yu H, Lu L, Liu J, Chen W, et al., 2021, China.(32)
|
Retrospective cohort |
IV |
|
↓ platelets, ↓ albumin ↑ phosphate, ↑ LDH¶, ↑ procalcitonin, ↑ C-reactive protein, ↑ prothrombin time and uremia |
4% |
82% (36) |
Cheng Y, Luo R, Wang X, Wang K, Zhang N, Zhang M, et al., 2020, China.(33)
|
Retrospective cohort |
IV |
|
severe COVID-19, ↑ baseline serum creatinine, ↑ d-dimer and lymphopenia |
5% |
72% (71) |
Cui X, Yu X, Wu X, Huang L, Tian Y, Huang X, et al., 2020, China.(34)
|
Retrospective: multicentric |
IV |
|
↑ creatinine kinase, ↑ clinical complexity, use of mechanical ventilation, shock state, ↑ SOFA† |
10% |
57% (12) |
Dai Y, Liu Z, Du X, Wei H, Wu Y, Li H, et al., 2021, China.(35)
|
Retrospective cohort |
IV |
|
male gender, chronic kidney disease, hypertension, leukocytosis, use of diuretics and use of glucocorticoids |
5% |
64% (23) |
Jin K, Xie T, Seery S, Ye L, Jiang J, Yang W, et al., et al., 2020, China.(36)
|
Retrospective cohort |
IV |
|
↑ Age, leukocytosis, ↑ C-reactive protein, ↑ fibrinogen, and severity of pneumonia |
10% |
76% (35) |
Li W-X, Xu W, Huang C-L, Fei L, Xie X-D, Li Q, et al., 2021,China.(37)
|
Retrospective cohort |
IV |
|
Age > 60 years, male gender, obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, ↑ C-reactive protein, use of lopinavir/ritonavir and ↓ lymphocyte count |
0,2% |
3% (3) |
Peng S, Wang H-Y, Sun X, Li P, Ye Z, Li Q, et al., 2020, China.(38)
|
Retrospective cohort |
IV |
|
↑ Age, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, ↑ inflammatory biomarkers and ↑ ferritin |
3% |
39% (112) |
Sang L, Chen S, Zheng X, Guan W, Zhang Z, Liang W, et al., 2020, China.(39)
|
Retrospective |
IV |
|
↑ Age, sepsis, use of nephrotoxic drugs, use of mechanical ventilation and ↑ baseline creatinine |
31% |
71% (65) |
Wang J, Wang Z, Zhu Y, Li H, Yuan X, Wang X, et al., 2020, China.(40)
|
Retrospective cohort |
IV |
|
clinical classification of COVID-19, ↑ procalcitonin, ↓ GFR |
- |
- |
Wang RR, He M, Kang Y, 2021, China.(41)
|
Retrospective cohort |
IV |
|
↑ age, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, ↑ mean arterial pressure, ↓ SpO2§§, ↑ leukocytes, ↑ neutrophils, ↑ TGO, ↑ C-reactive protein, ↑ serum creatinine, ↑ serum uric acid, ↓ lymphocytes, ↓ platelets and ↓ albumin |
4% |
61% (17) |
Xu J, Xie J, Du B, Tong Z, Qiu H, Bagshaw SM, 2020, China.(42)
|
Retrospective cohort : 19 hospitals |
IV |
|
higher severity scores (SOFA† and APACHE II*), longer use of vasopressors, use of mechanical ventilation and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation |
28% |
71% (188) |
Bell JS, James BD, Al-Chalabi S, Sykes L, Kalra PA, Green D, 2021, England.(43)
|
Retrospective cohort |
IV |
|
chronic kidney disease, use of mechanical ventilation, ↑ maximum heart rate, atrial fibrillation and ↓ lymphocytes |
14% |
54% (64) |
Parker K, Hamilton P, Hanumapura P, Castelino L, Murphy M, Challiner R, et al., 2021, England.(44)
|
Retrospective cohort |
IV |
|
male gender, hypertension, previous kidney disease and ↑ C-reactive protein |
11% |
52% (110) |
Sullivan MK, Lees JS, Drake TM, Docherty AB, Oates G, Hardwick HE, et al., 2022, England .(45)
|
Cohort |
IV |
|
admission respiratory rate > 30 rpm/min, chronic kidney disease and black ethnicity |
- |
- |
Lowe R, Ferrari M, Nasim-Mohi M, Jackson A, Beecham R, Veighey K, et al., 2021, United Kingdom.(46)
|
Retrospective cohort : single center |
IV |
|
↑ age, ↑ severity of comorbidities, diabetes mellitus, immunosuppression, ↑ APACHE II*, use of mechanical ventilation, vasopressor or inotropic support, ↑ creatinine, ↑ C-reactive protein, ↑ d-dimer, ↑ neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, ↓ lymphocytes |
11% |
25% (9) |
Lumlertgul N, Pirondini L, Cooney E, Kok W, Gregson J, Camporota L, et al., 2021, United Kingdom .(47)
|
Retrospective |
IV |
|
↑ age, ↑ BMI§, ↓ serum bicarbonate (acidosis), ↓ platelets, ↑ C-reactive protein and ↑ serum lactate |
26% |
34% (82) |
Geri G, Darmon M, Zafrani L, Fartoukh M, Voiriot G, Le Marec J, et al., 2021, France.(48)
|
Retrospective |
IV |
|
↑ age, male gender, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, use of mechanical ventilation and vasopressors |
19% |
37% (73) |
Joseph A, Zafrani L, Mabrouki A, Azoulay E, Darmon M, 2020, France.(49)
|
Retrospective: single center |
IV |
|
↑ age, SOFA† and use of mechanical ventilation |
28% |
35% (28) |
Alfano G, Ferrari A, Fontana F, Mori G, Magistroni R, Meschiari M, et al., 2020, Italy.(50)
|
Retrospective |
IV |
|
↑ age, admission to the intensive care unit, ↑ SOFA†, severe hypoxemia, ↑ interleukin-6, ↑ LDH¶, ↑ d-dimer, ↓ albumin, ↓ platelets and ↓ hemoglobin |
13% |
57% (39) |
Scarpioni R, Valsania T, Albertazzi V, Blanco V, DeAmicis S, Manini A, et al., 2021, Italy.(51)
|
Retrospective cohort |
IV |
|
age, male gender, use of mechanical ventilation |
8% |
57% (132) |
Diebold M, Schaub S, Landmann E, Steiger J, Dickenmann M, 2021, Switzerland.(52)
|
Retrospective cohort |
IV |
|
↑ age, male gender, chronic kidney disease, hypertension, ↑ leukocytes, ↑ C-reactive protein, ↑ creatinine kinase and ↑ potassium and use of pre-admission medication: BRA†† |
6% |
27% (11) |
Hardenberg J-HB, Stockmann H, Aigner A, Gotthardt I, Enghard P, Hinze C, et al., 2021, Germany.(53)
|
Retrospective cohort |
IV |
|
hypertension, mechanical ventilation, vasopressor, leukocytosis and ↑ procalcitonin |
15% |
28% (33) |
Trifi A, Abdellatif S, Masseoudi Y, Mehdi A, Benjima O, Seghir E, et al., 2021, Tunise.(54)
|
Case control |
IV |
|
↑ D-dimer and sepsis |
38% |
85% (41) |
Rahimzadeh H, Kazemian S, Rahbar M, Farrokhpour H, Montazeri M, Kafan S, et al., 2021, Ira.(55)
|
Retrospective cohort |
IV |
|
↑ age, male gender, COVID-19 severity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, heart disease, chronic kidney disease, iECA**/BRA†† use, ↑ neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, ↑ urea and ↑ C-reactive protein |
15% |
40% (77) |
Elkholi MH, Alrais ZF, Algouhary AR, Al-Taie MS, Sawwan AA, Khalafalla AA, et al., 2021, United Arab Emirates .(56)
|
Retrospective cohort |
IV |
|
↑ age, ↑ vasopressor dose μg/kg/min, hypertension, CHF‡, ↑ SOFA† and ↑ cardiovascular SOFA†, ↓ mean arterial pressure |
43% |
66% (85) |
Ghosn M, Attallah N, Badr M, Abdallah K, Oliveira B, Nadeem A, et al., 2021, United Arab Emirates .(57)
|
Retrospective cohort |
IV |
|
↑ age, use of mechanical ventilation, ↑ admission creatinine and use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation |
21% |
39% (23) |
Kanbay M, Medetalibeyoglu A, Kanbay A, Cevik E, Tanriover C, Baygul A, et al. 2021, Turkey.(58)
|
Retrospective cohort : 2 university centers |
IV |
|
↑ age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure and cancer, ↑ urea, ↑ glucose, ↑ gamma glutamyl transferase, ↑ alkaline phosphatase, ↑ LDH¶, ↑ C-reactive protein, ↑ d-dimer, ↑ troponin, ↑ brain natriuretic peptide, ↑ international normalized ratio, ↑ activated partial thromboplastin time, ↑ creatinine and ↓ hemoglobin. |
5% |
46% (42) |
Kolhe NV, Fluck RJ, Selby NM, Taal MW, 2020, United Kingdom.(59)
|
Retrospective cohort : 2 hospitals |
IV |
|
age > 65, congestive heart failure, chronic liver disease, chronic kidney disease, use of mechanical ventilation |
16% |
61% (184) |