Evolution over the last 40 years of the assisted reproductive technologies in cattle - the Brazilian perspective for embryo transfer and resynchronization programs (part II)

Pugliesi, Guilherme; Feltrin, Isabella Rio; Mattos, Ana Clara Degan; Silva, Amanda Guimarães; Morelli, Karine Galhego; Nishmura, Thiago Kan; Sales, José Nélio de Sousa

doi:10.1590/1984-3143-AR2024-0058

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Thematic Section: 40th Annual Meeting of the Association of Embryo Technology in Europe (AETE) • Anim. Reprod. 21 (3) • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-3143-AR2024-0058 copy

Evolution over the last 40 years of the assisted reproductive technologies in cattle - the Brazilian perspective for embryo transfer and resynchronization programs (part II)

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The productivity of the beef and dairy industries depends directly on the reproductive efficiency and genetic gain of the herd, which are directly associated with the appropriate use of Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ARTs). The objective of this review is to show from a Brazilian perspective the evolution over the last 40 years of ARTs related to ovulation resynchronization programs and embryo transfer in cattle. Despite significant improvements and high fertility obtained in timed artificial insemination (TAI) protocols (Sales et al., 2024 - Part I), the improvement of the use of in vitro-produced embryos, development of resynchronization programs, and the advance in Doppler ultrasonography (Doppler-US) for reproductive assessments of bovine females were the ARTs that presented the greatest relevance on reproductive effectiveness in cattle. In the last seven years, the embryo transfer (ET) technology using in vitro-produced (IVP) embryos took over the conventional ET of in vivo produced embryos after donor’s superovulation. Also, procedures and pregnancy rates after ET of IVP embryos were improved in dairy and beef operations. The Doppler-US allows the identification of non-pregnant females at an early stage based on the evaluation of blood perfusion of the corpus luteum. Recent studies in beef and dairy cows indicate satisfactory accuracy when Doppler-US is used at 20-22 days after TAI. Consequently, super-early resynchronization programs have been developed and are being implemented in commercial programs, thereby facilitating earlier conception through the use of semen from superior bulls, providing genetic and economic improvements in herds. Likewise, the assessment of luteal function by Doppler-US allows the selection of embryo recipients with greater receptivity, and consequently may increase the effectiveness of timed ET programs.

Keywords:
doppler; ovulation; estrus; resynchronization; embryo transfer

Authors	Type/Parity Order	n	Beginning of protocol (D0= first TAI)	Drug¹, dose	FP rate², %	Interval between TAIs, d	Conception rate at second TAI, %
Vieira et al. (2015)Vieira LM, Guerreiro BM, Batista EDOS, Freitas BG, Sá Filho MF, Vasconcellos GSF, Soares JG, Bragança LGM, Plá SS, Baruselli PS. Estradiol, GnRH or their association at the beginning of the resynchronization protocol results in similar reproductive efficiency in dairy cows. Anim Reprod. 2015;12(3):635.	Dairy cows	90	D13	EB, 1.5 mg*	64	23	22.6
Penteado et al. (2016)Penteado L, Rezende RG, Mingoti RD, Colli MHA, Sá Filho MF, Santos FB, Lemos Motta JC, Bayeux BM, Vieira LM, Baruselli PS. Pregnancy rate of Nelore cows submitted to resynchronization starting 14 or 22 days after prior FTAI. Anim Reprod. 2016;13(3):450.	Beef cows	118	D14	SA-iP4, 100 mg	4.6	24	51
Colli et al. (2017)Colli MHA, Rezende RG, Elliff FM, Machado G, Mingoti RD, Antonio W, Junior G, Ferreira RM. Productive and reproductive correlations that influence the pregnancy rate of 14 month old Nellore heifers submitted to 3 FTAI in 48 days using color Doppler ultrasonography. Animal Reproduction (Abstract). 2017;14(3):676.	Beef heifers	631	D14	SA-iP4, 50 mg	14.8	24	34.1
Santos et al. (2018)Santos FB, Abreu LA, Catussi BL. Effect of the dose of short-acting injectable progesterone (50 vs 100mg) on day 14 of super-precocious synchronization. Animal Reproduction (Abstract). 2018;15(3):343.	Beef heifers		D14	No	-		35.7
		690		SA-iP4, 50 mg		24	37.0
				SA-iP4, 100 mg		24	39.1
Simões et al. (2018)Simões LMS, Lima EA, Santos APC, Orlandi RE, Bottino MP, Marinho PHA, Junior LAS, Massoneto JPM, Souza JC, Souza AH, Baruselli PS, Sales JNS. Effects of the administration of short-acting progesterone and intravaginal progesterone device permanence on follicular dynamics a pregnancy rate of resynchronized Bos indicus heifers 14 days after TAI. Anim Reprod. 2018;12(3):331.	Beef heifers	1,065	D14	No	29	22-24	-
	Beef heifers	1,065	D14	SA-iP4, 50 mg	29	22-24	-
Wallace et al. (2018)Wallace SP, Silva MA, Veiga P, Bidart S, Adrover F, Zapata LO, Bartolome J. Pregnancy rate in Angus heifers resynchronized 14 days after FTAI using Color-Doppler Mode Ultrasonography for pregnancy diagnosis. Animal Reproduction (Abstract). 2018;15(3):359.	Beef heifers	129	D14	SA-iP4, 50 mg	11.3	24	47.1
	Beef heifers	129	D14	LA-iP4 100 mg	18.9	24	12.1
Elliff et al. (2019)Elliff F, Garcia L, Angelo L, Lima B. Using estradiol benzoate for resynchroni- zation 14 days after timed-ai in nelore beef cows. In: Proceedings of XIII Simposio International de Reproducción Animal (IRAC); 2019; Córdoba, Argentina. Córdoba: IRAC; 2019.	Beef cows	151	D14	LA-iP4, 100 mg + EB, 2 mg	35	24	31.7
Morais et al. (2019)Morais SMA, Garcia LS, Lima BCC, Lima JEPF, Baruselli OS. Evaluation of early resynchronization protocol with the onset by 14 or 15 days after first TAI in Nellore (Bos indicus) heifers. Animal Reproduction (Abstract). 2019;16(3):556.	Beef heifers	747	D14	SA-iP4 and LA-iP4, 50 mg	23.4ᴬ	22	40.6
	Beef heifers	747	D15	SA-iP4 and LA-iP4, 50 mg	13.3ᴮ	23	42.6
Pugliesi et al. (2019a)Pugliesi G, Bisinotto DZ, Mello BP, Lahr FC, Ferreira CA, Melo GD, Bastos MR, Madureira EH. A novel strategy for resynchronization of ovulation in Nelore cows using injectable progesterone (P4) and P4 releasing devices to perform two timed inseminations within 22 days. Reprod Domest Anim. 2019a;54(8):1149-54. http://doi.org/10.1111/rda.13475. PMid:31134689. http://doi.org/10.1111/rda.13475...	Beef cows	376	D12	No	13.4	22	44.6ᴮ
	Beef cows	376	D12	LA-iP4, 75 mg	17	22	60.9ᴬ
Andrade et al. (2020)Andrade JPN, Gomez-León VE, Andrade FS, Carvalho BP, Lacouth KL, Garcia FZ, Jacob JCF, Sales JNS, Wiltbank MC, Mello MRB. Development of a novel 21-day reinsemination program, ReBreed21, in Bos indicus heifers. Theriogenology. 2020;155:125-31. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.04.021. PMid:32668347. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology....	Beef heifers	300	D12	No	27.6	21	41.2
	Beef heifers	300	D14	LA-iP4, 50mg	32.9	24	33.7
Cruz et al. (2020)Cruz GC, Garcia L, Antonio O, Melo AD, Lourenço DB. Efficiency of super‐early resynchronization protocol without eCG or PGF use in Nellore (Bos indicus) cows. Animal Reproduction (Abstract). 2020;17(3):2020.	Beef heifers	1,390	D14	No	-	24	44.3
	Beef heifers	1,390	D14	EB, 1 mg	-	24	44.8
Motta et al. (2020)Motta IG, Rocha CC, Bisinotto DZ, Melo GD, Ataide Júnior GA, Silva AG, Gonzaga VHG, Santos JA, Freitas BG, Lemes KM, Madureira EH, Pugliesi G. Increased pregnancy rate in beef heifers resynchronized with estradiol at 14 days after TAI. Theriogenology. 2020;147:62-70. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.02.009. PMid:32097817. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology....	Beef heifers	1,295	D14	No	19.5	24	37.4ᴮ
				EB, 1 mg	15.4		47.0ᴬ
				E₂, 1 mg	15.2		43.5ᴬᴮ
Silva et al. (2021)Silva AG, Pinto LMF, Silva NA, Mattos ACD, Ambrósio PH, Duarte KMR, Alvarez RH, Pugliesi G. Comparison of three doses of estradiol benzoate for synchronization of follicular wave emergence in suckled Bos indicus beef cows. Anim Reprod. 2021;18(3):e20210016. http://doi.org/10.1590/1984-3143-ar2021-0016. PMid:34691264. http://doi.org/10.1590/1984-3143-ar2021-...	Beef heifers	1,116	D14	No	7.2	24	45.3
				EB, 1 mg	7.6		49.3
				SA-iP4, 140 mg	3.6		39.5
				SA-iP4, 140 mg+ EB, 1 mg	6.4		37.3
Vieira et al. (2021)Vieira CC, Pinto HF, Buss V, Gonzalez de Freitas B, Guerreiro BM, Leivas FG, Pugliesi G, Mesquita FS. Resynchronization of follicular wave using long-acting injectable progesterone or estradiol benzoate at 14 days post-timed AI in Bos taurus x Bos indicus beef heifers. Theriogenology. 2021;176:194-9. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.09.017. PMid:34627049. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology....	Beef heifers	677	D14	LA-iP4, 75 mg	11.3	24	31.8ᴮ
	Beef heifers	677	D14	EB, 1 mg	12	24	45.9ᴬ
Palhão et al. (2020)Palhão MP, Ribeiro AC, Martins AB, Guimarães CRB, Alvarez RD, Seber MF, Fernandes CAC, Neves JP, Viana JHM. Early resynchronization of non-pregnant beef cows based in corpus luteum blood flow evaluation 21 days after Timed-AI. Theriogenology. 2020;146:26-30. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.01.064. PMid:32036057. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology....	Beef cows	1,002	D13	EB, 1 mg	9.3	23	42.8
Ataide et al. (2021)Ataide GA Jr, Kloster A, de Moraes ÉG, Motta IG, Claro I Jr, Vasconcelos JLM, Ferraz PA, de Paula Nogueira G, Pugliesi G. Early resynchronization of follicular wave emergence among Nelore cattle using injectable and intravaginal progesterone for three timed artificial inseminations. Anim Reprod Sci. 2021;229:106759. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2021.106759. PMid:34015725. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.202...	Beef heifers and cows	1,258	D13	No	13	24	38.2^B
	Beef heifers and cows	1,258	D13	SA-iP4 ,100 mg	13	24	43ᴬ
Silva et al. (2022)Silva AG, Nishimura TK, Rocha CC, Motta IG, Laurindo Neto A, Ferraz PA, Bruni GA, Orlandi RE, Massoneto JPM, Pugliesi G. Comparison of estradiol benzoate doses for resynchronization of ovulation at 14 days after timed-AI in suckled beef cows. Theriogenology. 2022;184:41-50. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.02.025. PMid:35276487. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology....	Beef cows	1,026	D14	EB, 1 mg	6ᴮ	24	47
	Beef cows	1,026	D14	EB, 2 mg*	13ᴬ	24	42
Freitas et al. (2022)Freitas BGD, Machado R, Lima B, Catussi C, Carolina A, Motta IG. Efficiency of injectable P4 or EB at the beginning of resynchronization protocol (19 days after TAI) in lactating dairy cow. Anim Reprod. 2022;19:e22063.	Dairy cows	600	D19	No	29.0	28	32.2
				LA-iP4, 150 mg	37.9		30.2
				EB, 1 mg	32.3		37.3
Neto et al. (2022)Neto AL, Bisinotto DZ, Angelo D, Poit S, Ferraz PA, Silva FM, Ferreira WDA, Azrak AJ, Pugliesi G. Impacts on pregnancy outcomes of anticipating resynchronization of ovulation by early detection of non- pregnant dairy cows. Anim Reprod. 2022;19(2):22053.	Dairy cows	300	D17	No	30ᴬ	28	32.4
	Dairy cows	300	D17	EB, 1 mg	18ᴮ	28	31

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[1] *Corresponding author: gpugliesi@usp.br