Induction of puberty <i>vs.</i> induction of ovulation using steroid hormones in beef heifers: a comprehensive review

Figure 1
Cumulative proportion (%) of Nelore heifers reaching puberty under different treatments. Treatments included heifers born from sires with varying expected progeny differences (EPD) for age at first calving (L = low; H = high), subjected to either high (HG; 0.7 kg) or low (LG; 0.3 kg) average daily gain. Thus, four treatments were created: LHG (n = 17), LLG (n = 16), HHG (n = 11) and HLG (n = 13). Lines with different superscripts indicate significant differences at P < 0.05. Adapted from Ferraz et al. (2018)Ferraz MVC Jr, Pires AV, Santos MH, Silva RG, Oliveira GB, Polizel DM, Biehl MV, Sartori R, Nogueira GP. A combination of nutrition and genetics is able to reduce age at puberty in Nelore heifers to below 18 months. Animal. 2018;12(3):569-74. http://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731117002464. PMid:29056108.
http://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731117002464... .

Thumbnail

Figure 2
Schematic representation of the physiology underlying puberty and the objectives of an ovulation induction protocol in beef heifers. (A) Puberty encompasses a series of physiological events characterized by gonadotropic and metabolic changes, including the maturation of the HPG axis, increasing GnRH/LH pulsatility. This stimulates follicle development, leading to an E2 peak, culminating in a GnRH/LH surge, the occurrence of the first ovulation, the establishment of cyclicity, uterine maturation, and the attainment of reproductive capacity; (B) Conversely, ovulation induction protocols aim to achieve similar objectives.

Thumbnail

Figure 3
Survival curve of heifers that ovulated and maintained cyclicity under different treatments. The heifers were randomly assigned to four treatments. The control group (0P4) did not receive any hormonal treatment. The group (1P4) followed a 12-d ovulation induction protocol with an intravaginal progesterone (P4) device, followed by estradiol cypionate (EC) administration at P4 device removal. The group (2P4) underwent the same ovulation induction protocol and then a 7-d synchronization protocol. The group (3P4) had three hormonal exposures: one ovulation induction protocol and two synchronization protocols. Adapted from Barroso (2023)Barroso JPR. Monitoramento da ciclicidade de novilhas Nelore submetidas a protocolos hormonais com progesterona aos 14 meses de idade [tese]. Pirassununga: Universidade de São Paulo; 2023..

Thumbnail

Table 1
Overview of studies assessing the impact of hormonal protocols involving progesterone (P4) or P4/estradiol (E2) prior to timed-AI (TAI) protocols on the ovulatory response and fertility in yearling Nelore (Bos indicus) heifers (≤ 20 mo old).

Thumbnail

Table 2
Overview of studies assessing the impact of hormonal protocols involving progesterone (P4) or P4/estradiol (E2) prior to timed-AI (TAI) protocols on the ovulatory response and fertility in regular Nelore (Bos indicus) heifers (> 20 mo old).

Thumbnail

Table 3
Expression of estrus and pregnancy per AI (P/AI), 30 and 60 d after AI, in yearling Nelore heifers (Bos indicus) with or without corpus luteum (CL) at the onset of a timed-AI (TAI) protocol (day of progesterone device insertion).

Thumbnail

Table 4
Overview of studies assessing the impact of hormonal protocols involving progesterone (P4) or P4/estradiol (E2) prior to timed-AI (TAI) protocols on ovulatory response and fertility in Bos taurus and crossbred heifers (10 to 24 mo old).

Author	n	Body weight	Pharmacological basis (treated groups)	Ovulation response, %			P/AI, %
Author	n	Body weight	Pharmacological basis (treated groups)	Control 1	P4 2	P4 + E2 3	Control¹	P4²	P4 + E2³
Freitas et al. (2015)Freitas BG, Guerreiro BM, Mingoti RD, Sá MF Fo, Vieira LM, Monteiro BM, Baruselli PS. Ciclicity induction and reproductive efficiency of 14 months old Nelore heifers submitted to fixed time artificial insemination. Anim Reprod. 2015;12:646.	626	261.3 ± 0.9	IVDP4 + E2	7.8	-	75.2	42.9	-	43.0
Lemes (2017)Lemes KM. Comparação da eficiência de diferentes formulações à base de progesterona para indução da puberdade e desempenho reprodutivo em novilhas da raça Nelore [tese]. Pirassununga: Universidade de São Paulo; 2017.	374	241.5 ± 1.5	iP4 + E2 vs. IVDP4 + E2	4.9	-	66.0	24.6	-	34.5
Vrisman et al. (2018)Vrisman DP, Bastos NM, Rossi GF, Rodrigues NN, Borges LPB, Taira AR, Paz CCP, Nogueira GP, Teixeira PPM, Monteiro FM, Oliveira MEF. Corpus luteum dynamics after ovulation induction with or without previous exposure to progesterone in prepubertal Nellore heifers. Theriogenology. 2018;106:60-8. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.10.018. PMid:29040877. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology....	57	289.6 ± 32.3	IVDP4 + GnRH vs. GnRH	-	89.7	-	-	-	-
Sampaio et al. (2018)Sampaio PSL, Teixeira ACB, Horta JWD, Lima IAP, Cruz FCA, Scarpelli FFS, Coutinho IM, Vilela VMT, Monteiro GA, Oliveira CS, Monteiro FM, Oliveira LZ. Fertility at Timed-AI and bull service after induction of precocious puberty in Nelore heifers with or without application of PGF2α. Anim Reprod. 2018;15:386.	399	300.0	IVDP4 + E2 vs. IVDP4 + PGF	-	-	-	-	-	53.9
Souza et al. (2018)Souza DFC, Freitas BG, Camargo RC, Anjos R, Guerreiro BM, Bastos MR, Mingoti RD, Silva LG, Lima B, Catussi BLC No. Eficiência do protocolo de indução de ciclicidade com manejo único (progesterona injetável de longa ação) em novilhas Nelore (Bos indicus) pré-púberes. In: Anais da XXXII Reunião Anual da Sociedade Brasileira de Tecnologia de Embriões; 2018; Florianópolis, SC. Jaboticabal: SBTE; 2018. p. 9.	528	303.1 ± 30.2	IVDP4 + E2 vs. iP4 vs. iP4 + E2	30.8	56.9	62.2	23.9	40.6	34.9
Magi et al. (2020)Magi LHR, Damião IL, Morais MCF, Silva RAB, Polizelle SR, Frias DFR. Efeito de diferentes métodos de indução à puberdade sobre a resposta reprodutiva em novilhas Nelore. Nativa. 2020;8(5):658-62. http://doi.org/10.31413/nativa.v8i5.10921. http://doi.org/10.31413/nativa.v8i5.1092...	1528	270.0 ± 9.0	iP4 vs. IVDP4 + E2	-	-	-	45.5	54.1	53.6
Ferreira et al. (2022)Ferreira LCL, Silva LG, Silva LG, Silva MS, Dresch AL, Higino DH, Mascarello J, Nogueira E. Uso de uma ou duas pré-sincronizações na eficiência reprodutiva de novilhas Nelore super precoces. Anim Reprod. 2022;13:1.	572	-	iP4 + MGA + E2 vs. MGA + E2	-	-	-	-	-	42.1
Silva et al. (2023)Silva AG, Andrade PAP, Souza SV, Gonçalves JS, Melo BA, Feltrin IR, Peres RFG, Motta IG, Mingoti RD, Pugliesi G. Effects of different strategies to induce puberty before TAI on pregnancy establishment and losses in precocious Nelore heifers. Anim Reprod. 2023;20:45.	1720	-	iP4	-	-	-	31.1	28.1	-
Alves et al. (2023b) Alves RLOR, Santos OP, Narvaez AAC, Cunha LD, Braz RA, Silva MER, Brüner R, Silva LO, Melo LF, Sartori R. Reproductive outcomes of 11-month-old Nelore (Bos indicus) heifers submitted or not to ovulation induction protocols prior to the timed-AI protocol. Anim Reprod. 2023b;20:12.	583	272.0 ± 39.8	IVDP4 + E2	32.4	-	80.3	41.5	-	39.5
Barroso (2023)Barroso JPR. Monitoramento da ciclicidade de novilhas Nelore submetidas a protocolos hormonais com progesterona aos 14 meses de idade [tese]. Pirassununga: Universidade de São Paulo; 2023.	213	299.8 ± 5.9	IVDP4 + E2	30.9	-	76.6	-	-	-
Gricio et al. (2023)Gricio EA, Santo BSE, Catussi BLC, Rebeis LM, Abreu LÂ, Motta IG, Rodrigues A, Felisbino AR No, Freitas BG, Mingoti RD, Baruselli PS. Cyclicity induction protocol with Sincrogest injetavel (injectable P4) 24 days before day 0 of the TAI protocol with or without estradiol cypionate treatment 12 days apart in 10-13 months Nelore heifers. Anim Reprod. 2023;20:50.	638	297.5 ± 1.1	iP4 vs. iP4 + E2	-	50.8	62.1	-	47.0	53.3
Lopes et al. (2023)Lopes ALM, Kolling GB, Assumpção FM, Leite SKM, Rezende ACS, Rezende JRS, Leite L, Wutke RDMM, Oliveira LO, Sartori R. Reproductive performance of 12- to 16-month-old Bos indicus heifers submitted to programs for induction of cyclicity and nutritional management. Anim Reprod. 2023;121:43.	2300	230.1 ± 0.8	iP4 vs. IVDP4 + E2	-	16.1	59.3	-	41.2	47.0
Cavalcanti et al. (2024)Cavalcanti PR, Alves RLOR, Silva LO, Acosta-Galíndez JP, Barros GV, Consentino CEC, Nagle EJ, Silva RA, Sartori R. Can the fertility of prepubertal Bos indicus heifers be enhanced by implementing two ovulation induction protocols prior to the AI? Anim Reprod. 2024. In press.	1441	297.8 ± 36.2	IVDP4 + E2	28.8	-	84.3	46.5	-	48.8
Kolling et al. (2024)Kolling GB, Alves RLOR, Álvarez UEM, Silva DMA, da Cunha LD, Braz RA, Silva MER, Brüner R, Melo LF, Sartori R. Reproductive outcomes of prepubertal Nelore (Bos indicus) heifers submitted or not to ovulation induction protocols prior to a timed-AI protocol. Anim Reprod. 2024. In press.	683	267.0 ±41.1	IVDP4 + E2	16.6	-	62.2	41. 6	-	35.1
Lanza et al. (2024)Lanza LB, Alves RLOR, Barbosa L, Vilasboa DLM, Menocci PC, Sartori R. Reproductive outcomes of Nelore (Bos indicus) heifers submitted to ovulation induction protocols, prior to a timed-AI protocol based on injectable progesterone or intravaginal implant, associated or not with estradiol. Anim Reprod. 2024.	626	276.6 ± 14.9	iP4 vs. iP4 + E2 vs. IVDP4 + E2	-	47.9	65.1	-	40.0	38.8
Overall	-	-	-	22.7 (403/1776)	29.2 (530/1818)	69.4 (3065/4418)	40.9 (1114/2724)	39.3 (1362/3467)	45.2 (2608/5770)

Author	n	Body weight	Pharmacological basis (treated groups)	Ovulation response, %			P/AI, %
Author	n	Body weight	Pharmacological basis (treated groups)	Control 1	P4 2	P4 + E2 3	Control¹	P4²	P4 + E2³
Massao et al. (2010)Massao JSF, Santos ICC, Rodrigues JA, Valentim R. Effect of ciclicity induction protocol on Nelore heifers. Acta Sci Vet. 2010;38:2010.	636	290.0	IVDP4 + E2	35.5	-	57.5	-	-	-
Rodrigues et al. (2013)Rodrigues ADP, Peres RFG, Lemes AP, Martins T, Pereira MHC, Day ML, Vasconcelos JLM. Progesterone-based strategies to induce ovulation in prepubertal Nellore heifers. Theriogenology. 2013;79(1):135-41. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2012.09.018. PMid:23122684. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology....	1039	294.0 ± 0.8	IVDP4	18.6	39.1	-	-	-	-
Rodrigues et al. (2013)Rodrigues ADP, Peres RFG, Lemes AP, Martins T, Pereira MHC, Day ML, Vasconcelos JLM. Progesterone-based strategies to induce ovulation in prepubertal Nellore heifers. Theriogenology. 2013;79(1):135-41. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2012.09.018. PMid:23122684. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology....	896	-	IVDP4 vs. IVDP4 + eCG	-	62.6	-	-	-	-
Rodrigues et al. (2013)Rodrigues ADP, Peres RFG, Lemes AP, Martins T, Pereira MHC, Day ML, Vasconcelos JLM. Progesterone-based strategies to induce ovulation in prepubertal Nellore heifers. Theriogenology. 2013;79(1):135-41. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2012.09.018. PMid:23122684. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology....	839	306.0 ± 0.9	IVDP4 vs. IVDP4 + eCG vs. IVDP4 + eCG + E2	-	65.3	90.1	-	-	-
Rodrigues et al. (2013)Rodrigues ADP, Peres RFG, Lemes AP, Martins T, Pereira MHC, Day ML, Vasconcelos JLM. Progesterone-based strategies to induce ovulation in prepubertal Nellore heifers. Theriogenology. 2013;79(1):135-41. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2012.09.018. PMid:23122684. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology....	948	327.7 ± 1.1	IVDP4 vs. IVDP4 + eCG vs. IVDP4 + eCG + E2 vs. IVDP4 + E2	-	80.0	82.9	-	-	-
Rodrigues et al. (2014)Rodrigues ADP, Peres RFG, Lemes AP, Martins T, Pereira MHC, Carvalho ER, Day ML, Vasconcelos JLM. Effect of interval from induction of puberty to initiation of a timed AI protocol on pregnancy rate in Nellore heifers. Theriogenology. 2014;82(5):760-6. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.06.008. PMid:25034515. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology....	774	327.7 ± 1.1	IVDP4	-	88.5	-	-	39.8	-
Sá et al. (2015)Sá MF Fo, Nasser LFT, Penteado L, Prestes R, Marques MO, Freitas BG, Monteiro BM, Ferreira RM, Gimenes LU, Baruselli PS. Impact of progesterone and estradiol treatment before the onset of the breeding period on reproductive performance of Bos indicus beef heifers. Anim Reprod Sci. 2015;160:30-9. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2015.06.024. PMid:26169688. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.201...	27	-	IVDP4	0.0	42.1	-	-	-	-
Sá et al. (2015)Sá MF Fo, Nasser LFT, Penteado L, Prestes R, Marques MO, Freitas BG, Monteiro BM, Ferreira RM, Gimenes LU, Baruselli PS. Impact of progesterone and estradiol treatment before the onset of the breeding period on reproductive performance of Bos indicus beef heifers. Anim Reprod Sci. 2015;160:30-9. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2015.06.024. PMid:26169688. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.201...	388	-	IVDP4 + E2	60.3	-	83.0	49.6	-	56.4
Sá et al. (2015)Sá MF Fo, Nasser LFT, Penteado L, Prestes R, Marques MO, Freitas BG, Monteiro BM, Ferreira RM, Gimenes LU, Baruselli PS. Impact of progesterone and estradiol treatment before the onset of the breeding period on reproductive performance of Bos indicus beef heifers. Anim Reprod Sci. 2015;160:30-9. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2015.06.024. PMid:26169688. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.201...	480	-	IVDP4 + E2	42.5	58.5	65.6	20.2	29.2	31.6
Sá et al. (2015)Sá MF Fo, Nasser LFT, Penteado L, Prestes R, Marques MO, Freitas BG, Monteiro BM, Ferreira RM, Gimenes LU, Baruselli PS. Impact of progesterone and estradiol treatment before the onset of the breeding period on reproductive performance of Bos indicus beef heifers. Anim Reprod Sci. 2015;160:30-9. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2015.06.024. PMid:26169688. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.201...	640	-	IVDP4 + E2	60.7	-	83.3	26.5	-	43.3
Felisbino et al. (2016)Felisbino ARF No, Freitas BG, Ramos RS, Rezende MLG, Peres RFG, Pozzobon J, Fernando D, Bastos MR. Progesterona injetável pode ser utilizada para indução de ciclicidade em novilhas da raça nelore. In: Anais da XXX Reunião Anual da Sociedade Brasileira de Tecnologia de Embriões; 2016; Foz do Iguaçu, PR. Jaboticabal: SBTE; 2016. p. 210.	1174	-	IVDP4 + E2 vs. iP4 + E2	-	-	80.5	-	-	43.2
Ferreira et al. (2016)Ferreira JPM, Andrade JPN, Sonnewend F, Silva OR, Mello MRB. Use of hormonal protocols for induction of puberty in Nelore heifers and its impact on pregnancy rate: case report. Anim Reprod. 2016;13:380.	43	283.0	IVDP4 + E2 vs. iP4 + E2	14.0	-	55.2	-	-	-
Gonçalves et al. (2016)Gonçalves RL, Conti TL, Santos GP, Persico JMR, Saran AJ Jr, Sales JNS, Baruselli PS, Ferreira RM. Induction of cyclicity in prepubertal Nelore heifers using new or previously used Cronipres® mono dose devices originally containing 1 g P4. Anim Reprod. 2016;13:389.	227	250.0	IVDP4 + E2	-	-	67.0	-	-	-
Lima et al. (2020)Lima RS, Martins T, Lemes KM, Binelli M, Madureira EH. Effect of a puberty induction protocol based on injectable long acting progesterone on pregnancy success of beef heifers serviced by TAI. Theriogenology. 2020;154:128-34. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.05.036. PMid:32603989. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology....	638	295.0 ± 24.8	iP4 + E2	11.6	-	63.3	34.2	-	44.7
Santos et al. (2019)Santos JA, Freitas BG, Guerreiro BM, Souza EDF, Rocha F, Lincoln F, Braga YEVS, Catussi BLC, Silva LG, Felisbino AR No, Baruselli PS. Efficiency of the protocol of cyclicity induction with injectable progesterone in prepubertal 2-year-old Nelore (Bos indicus) heifers. Anim Reprod. 2019;16:555.	259	335.4 ± 27.7	IVDP4 + E2 vs. iP4 + E2 vs. iP4	-	80.5	86.6	-	44.8	51.7
Miguez González et al. (2020)Miguez González S, Gomes Assunção IE, Duarte J, Andrade Oliveira CH, Guedes TA, Morotti F, Seneda MM, Andrade ER. Induction of puberty in Bos indicus heifers in the western Amazon region. Semina: Ciênc Agrár. 2020;41:2153-62. http://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2020v41n5supl1p2153. http://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2020v41...	127	318.0 ± 7.0	IVDP4 + E2 vs. iP4 + E2	-	-	84.3	-	-	-
Madureira et al. (2020)Madureira G, Consentini CEC, Motta JCL, Drum JN, Prata AB, Monteiro PLJ Jr, Melo LF, Gonçalves JRS, Wiltbank MC, Sartori R. Progesterone-based timed AI protocols for Bos indicus cattle II: reproductive outcomes of either EB or GnRH-type protocol, using or not GnRH at AI. Theriogenology. 2020;145:86-93. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.01.033. PMid:32007636. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology....	828	307.1 ± 22.6	IVDP4 + E2	-	-	78.0		-	54.5
Prata et al. (2020)Prata AB, Madureira G, Robl AJ, Ribeiro HS, Sagae M, Elias MCV, Pimenta C, Barrios J, Hartmman D, Schneider AA, Sandoval GAF, Wiltbank MC, Sartori R. Progesterone-based timed AI protocols for Bos indicus cattle III: comparison of protocol lengths. Theriogenology. 2020;152:29-35. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.04.020. PMid:32361304. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology....	742	-	IVDP4 + E2		-	80.1		-	47.3
Machuca et al. (2022)Machuca CAR, Villalba MMR, Ibarra JJM, Ortiz TJ. Effect of injectable progesterone (Sincrogest injetável® or Progecio®) on puberty induction in Nelore heifers. Anim Reprod. 2022;19:51.	606	350.9 ± 35.2	iP4 + E2	-	-	45.2	-	-	52.3
Sousa et al. (2022)Sousa SRS, Cordeiro MLL, Pacheco WBM, Barros FN, Souza APM, Costa SH Jr, Souza JAT. Indução da puberdade em novilhas da raça Nelore com diferentes fontes de progesterona. In: Anais da XXXV Reunião Anual da Sociedade Brasileira de Tecnologia de Embriões; 2022; Foz do Iguaçu, PR. Jaboticabal: SBTE; 2022. p. 14.	258	-	IVDP4 + E2 vs. iP4 + E2	-	-	46.9	-	-	47.7
Alves et al. (2024)Alves RLOR, Silva LO, Silva MAD, Consentini CEC, Gonçalves JRS, Melo LFE, Rodrigues MB, Sartori R. Timed-artificial insemination protocols for Bos indicus beef heifers: evaluation of protocol length and variations in prostaglandin F2α treatments. Theriogenology. 2024;223:122-30. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2024.04.018. PMid:38723426. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology....	769	312.2 ± 0.9	IVDP4 + E2	-	-	84.0	-	-	51.2
Overall	-	-	-	38.5 (396/1029)	65.2 (2268/3476)	74.4 (5185/6972)	31.9 (230/720)	38.8 (385/991)	48.1 (2678/5573)

Author	n	Expression of estrus, % 1		P/AI 30 d, %¹		P/AI 60 d, %¹
Author	n	Without CL	With CL	Without CL	With CL	Without CL	With CL
Alves et al. (2023b) Alves RLOR, Santos OP, Narvaez AAC, Cunha LD, Braz RA, Silva MER, Brüner R, Silva LO, Melo LF, Sartori R. Reproductive outcomes of 11-month-old Nelore (Bos indicus) heifers submitted or not to ovulation induction protocols prior to the timed-AI protocol. Anim Reprod. 2023b;20:12.	583	78.5	86.4	36.7	43.4	32.3	37.7
Lopes et al. (2023)Lopes ALM, Kolling GB, Assumpção FM, Leite SKM, Rezende ACS, Rezende JRS, Leite L, Wutke RDMM, Oliveira LO, Sartori R. Reproductive performance of 12- to 16-month-old Bos indicus heifers submitted to programs for induction of cyclicity and nutritional management. Anim Reprod. 2023;121:43.	2260	58.7	70.0	37.7	54.9	-	-
Kolling et al. (2024)Kolling GB, Alves RLOR, Álvarez UEM, Silva DMA, da Cunha LD, Braz RA, Silva MER, Brüner R, Melo LF, Sartori R. Reproductive outcomes of prepubertal Nelore (Bos indicus) heifers submitted or not to ovulation induction protocols prior to a timed-AI protocol. Anim Reprod. 2024. In press.	683	64.1	81.0	31.6	48.9	26.5	46.3
Lanza et al. (2024)Lanza LB, Alves RLOR, Barbosa L, Vilasboa DLM, Menocci PC, Sartori R. Reproductive outcomes of Nelore (Bos indicus) heifers submitted to ovulation induction protocols, prior to a timed-AI protocol based on injectable progesterone or intravaginal implant, associated or not with estradiol. Anim Reprod. 2024.	615	-	-	34.6	42.7	32.1	40.3
Overall	-	62.2 (1301/2093)	75.9 (1087/1433)	36.2 (845/2336)	49.4 (891/1805)	29.6 (269/909)	41.0 (399/972)

Author	n	Body weight	Pharmacological basis (treated groups)	Ovulation response, %			P/AI, %
Author	n	Body weight	Pharmacological basis (treated groups)	Control 1	P4 2	P4 + E2 3	Control¹	P4²	P4 + E2³
Patterson et al. (1990)Patterson DJ, Corah LR, Brethour JR. Response of prepubertal Bostaurus and Bos indicus x Bostaurus heifers to melengestrol acetate with or without gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Theriogenology. 1990;33(3):661-8. http://doi.org/10.1016/0093-691X(90)90543-3. PMid:16726762. http://doi.org/10.1016/0093-691X(90)9054...	60	261.3 ± 0.9	MGA vs. MGA + GnRH	-	48.3	-	-	58.3	-
Anderson et al. (1996)Anderson LH, McDowell CM, Day ML. Progestin-induced puberty and secretion of luteinizing hormone in heifers. Biol Reprod. 1996;54(5):1025-31. http://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod54.5.1025. PMid:8722622. http://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod54.5.10...	68	321.5	NORG	0.0	79.4	-	-	-	-
Hall et al. (1997)Hall JB, Staigmiller RB, Short RE, Bellows RA, MacNeil MD, Bellows SE. Effect of age and pattern of gain on induction of puberty with a progestin in beef heifers. J Anim Sci. 1997;75(6):1606-11. http://doi.org/10.2527/1997.7561606x. PMid:9250524. http://doi.org/10.2527/1997.7561606x...	68	-	NORG	5.7	30.3	-	-	-	-
Rasby et al. (1998)Rasby RJ, Day ML, Johnson SK, Kinder JE, Lynch JM, Short RE, Wettemann RP, Hafs HD. Luteal function and estrus in peripubertal beef heifers treated with an intravaginal progesterone releasing device with or without a subsequent injection of estradiol. Theriogenology. 1998;50(1):55-63. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0093-691X(98)00113-7. PMid:10734474. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0093-691X(98)001...	311	292 ± 45	IVDP4 vs. IVDP4 + E2	37.0	57.8	83.2	-	-	-
Imwalle et al. (1998)Imwalle DB, Patterson DJ, Schillo KK. Effects of melengestrol acetate on onset of puberty, follicular growth, and patterns of luteinizing hormone secretion in beef heifers. Biol Reprod. 1998;58(6):1432-6. http://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod58.6.1432. PMid:9623602. http://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod58.6.14...	17	284.5	MGA	44.4	100	-	-	-	-
Pfeifer et al. (2009a) Pfeifer LF, Siqueira LG, Mapletoft RJ, Kastelic JP, Adams GP, Colazo MG, Singh J. Effects of exogenous progesterone and cloprostenol on ovarian follicular development and first ovulation in prepubertal heifers. Theriogenology. 2009a;72(8):1054-64. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2009.06.022. PMid:19775737. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology....	38	287.5	IVDP4 vs. IVDP4 + PGF	7.1	50.0	-	-	-	-
Pfeifer et al. (2009b) Pfeifer LFM, Castilho EM, Roll VFB, Schneider A, Ziguer EA, Dionello NJL. Efeito da duração do tratamento com progestágeno e da maturidade sexual na taxa de prenhez em novilhas de corte: avaliação econômica e biológica. Rev Bras Zootec. 2009b;38(7):1205-10. http://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982009000700007. http://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982009000...	40	295.0	IVDP4	-	-	-	36.8	33.3	-
Valentim et al. (2010)Valentim R, Gofert LF, Santos ICC, Ricci R. Cyclicity and uterine growth evaluation of crossbred bovine heifers submitted to puberty induction protocol. Acta Sci Vet. 2010;38(2):742.	126	270.0	IVDP4 + E2	23.0	-	65.1	-	-	-
Leonardi et al. (2012)Leonardi CE, Pfeifer LF, Rubin MI, Singh J, Mapletoft RJ, Pessoa GA, Bainy AM, Silva CA. Prostaglandin F2α promotes ovulation in prepubertal heifers. Theriogenology. 2012;78(7):1578-82. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2012.06.030. PMid:22925644. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology....	26	250.0	IVDP4 + iP4 + BE + PGF	7.1	-	83.3	-	-	-
Martini et al. (2016)Martini AP, Leonardi CEP, Araujo LB, Maciel N, Balestrin TS, Muller SC, Claro I Jr, Rubin MIB, Pessoa GA. Effect of melengestrol acetate on cyclicity induction in Bos taurus heifers. Anim Reprod. 2016;13(3):427.	245	.	MGA + E2 vs. IVDP4 + E2	7.7	-	77.2	34.6	-	67.0
Moriel et al. (2017)Moriel P, Lancaster P, Lamb GC, Vendramini JMB, Arthington JD. Effects of post-weaning growth rate and puberty induction protocol on reproductive performance of Bos indicus-influenced beef heifers. J Anim Sci. 2017;95(8):3523-31. http://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2017.1666. PMid:28805911. http://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2017.1666...	120	-	IVDP4 + PGF + GnRH	-	-	.	69.5	66.7	.
Luiz et al. (2018)Luiz DSV, Berlitz CGB, Velho GS, Oliveira CR, Santos MFO, Guerreiro BM, Freitas BG, Dalto AGC, Aguiar PRL, Borges JBS. Indução da ciclicidade e taxa de prenhez em novilhas taurinas de corte tratadas com progesterona injetável e cipionato de estradiol. Anim Reprod. 2018;15(3):11.	99	328 ± 41	iP4 + E2	-	-	64.4	-	-	59.6
Martins et al. (2021)Martins T, Silva FACC, Soriano GA, Pinto LMF, Rocha CC, Gonella-Diaza AM, DiLorenzo N, Rae O, Binelli M. Puberty attainment and reproductive performance of yearling Bos indicus-influenced heifers after two sequential treatments with progesterone. Anim Reprod Sci. 2021;231:106803. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2021.106803. PMid:34274905. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.202...	214	-	IVDP4 + PGF	44.9	62.6	-	29.4	30.5	-
Gularte et al. (2022)Gularte FDA, Pires OS, Farias CO, Rovani MT, Velho G, Dalto AC, Vieira AD, Ferreira R, Mondadori RG, Gasperin BG. Progesterone treatments before timed artificial insemination in heifers from taurine and synthetic breeds. Anim Reprod. 2022;19(2):e22032.	462	270±2.3	iP4	-	-	-	49.4	45.6	-
Gularte et al. (2022)Gularte FDA, Pires OS, Farias CO, Rovani MT, Velho G, Dalto AC, Vieira AD, Ferreira R, Mondadori RG, Gasperin BG. Progesterone treatments before timed artificial insemination in heifers from taurine and synthetic breeds. Anim Reprod. 2022;19(2):e22032.	51	302.1±4.1	iP4	56.2	60.0	-	.	.	-
Overall	-	-	-	22.4 (100/446)	58.1 (236/406)	74.2 (328/442)	48.4 (287/625)	45.9 (239/520)	59.7 (159/266)

[1] *Corresponding author: robertosartori@usp.br

Brasil

Brasil

Induction of puberty vs. induction of ovulation using steroid hormones in beef heifers: a comprehensive review

Abstract