Stigmatic receptivity of peach flowers submitted to heat stress

Because of climatic changes, the cultivation of temperate climate plants such as peach in subtropical climates has become a challenge. In these areas, temperatures exceeding 25°C often occur during the pre-flowering and flowering phases. The high temperature causes damages by acting during the early stages of pollen-pistil interaction processes. The objective of this work was to evaluate the stigmatic receptivity of peach flowers at 18°C and 30°C. The pollen adherence was evaluated as well as the germination and presence of pollen tubes in the transmitting tissue of the style. The genotypes responded differently to temperature. ‘Granada,’ ‘Diamante’, and ‘Sensação’ had a stigmatic receptivity that was less affected when flowers were exposed to the higher temperature. Most genotypes showed a reduction in the number of pistils with pollen tubes growing in the style, particularly when pollination was delayed.

Keywords:
Prunus persica; pollen viability; pollen tubes; flowering

Authorship

Silvia Carpenedo ^**Author for correspondence. E-mail: carpenedo.s@hotmail.com

Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agruária, Embrapa Clima Temperado, BR-392, km 78, Cx. Postal 403, 96010-971, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Embrapa Clima TemperadoBrazilPelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, BrazilEmpresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agruária, Embrapa Clima Temperado, BR-392, km 78, Cx. Postal 403, 96010-971, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3383-3872

Maria do Carmo Bassols

Rodrigo Cezar Franzon

David Hawkins Byrne

Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA. Texas A&M UniversityUSATexas, USADepartment of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA.

João Baptista da Silva

Departamento de Matemática e Estatística, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Capão do Leão, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Universidade Federal de PelotasBrazilCapão do Leão, Rio Grande do Sul, BrazilDepartamento de Matemática e Estatística, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Capão do Leão, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

*Author for correspondence. E-mail: carpenedo.s@hotmail.com

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (9)
Tables (3)

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Figure 1
Adherence of pollen grains on the stigma (classes: 1= zero; 2 = 1 to 25; 3 = 26 to 50; 4 = 51 to 75, 5 = 76 to 100, and 6 = over 100 pollen grains) of flowers at 18ºC and 30ºC for 24 to 96h during 2011. ^ns, **, * Nonsignificant or significant at p ≤ 0.01 or p ≤ 0.05, respectively.

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Figure 2
Adherence of pollen grains on the stigma (classes: 1= zero; 2 = 1 to 25; 3 = 26 to 50; 4 = 51 to 75, 5 = 76 to 100, and 6 = over 100 pollen grains) of flowers at 18ºC and 30ºC for 24 to 96h, during 2012. ^ns, **, * Nonsignificant or significant at p ≤ 0.01 or p ≤ 0.05, respectively.

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Figure 3
Adherence of pollen grains on the stigma (classes: 1 = zero; 2 = 1 to 25; 3 = 26 to 50; 4 = 51 to 75, 5 = 76 to 100, and 6 = over 100 pollen grains) of flowers at 18ºC and 30ºC for 24 to 96h during 2014. ^ns, **, * Nonsignificant or significant at p ≤ 0.01 or p ≤ 0.05, respectively.

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Figure 4
Germination of pollen on the stigma (classes: 1 = zero; 2 = 1 to 25; 3 = 26 to 50; 4 = 51 to 75, 5 = 76 to 100, and 6 =over 100 pollen grains) in peach flowers at 18ºC and 30ºC for 24 to 96h during 2011. ^ns, **, * Nonsignificant or significant at p ≤ 0.01 or p ≤ 0.05, respectively.

Thumbnail

Figure 5
Germination of pollen on the stigma (classes: 1 = zero; 2 = 1 to 25; 3 = 26 to 50; 4 = 51 to 75, 5 = 76 to 100, and 6 =over 100 pollen grains) in peach flowers at 18ºC and 30ºC for 24 to 96h during 2012. ^ns, **, * Nonsignificant or significant at p ≤ 0.01 or p ≤ 0.05, respectively.

Thumbnail

Figure 6
Germination of pollens on the stigma (classes: 1 = zero; 2 = 1 to 25; 3 = 26 to 50; 4 = 51 to 75, 5 = 76 to 100, and 6 =over 100 pollen grains) in peach flowers at 18ºC and 30ºC for 24 to 96h during 2014. ^ns, **, * Nonsignificant or significant at p ≤ 0.01 or p ≤ 0.05, respectively.

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Figure 7
Percentage of pistils with pollen tubes in the style of peach flowers (%) at 18ºC and 30ºC for 24 to 96h during 2011. ^ns, **, * Nonsignificant or significant at p ≤ 0.01 or p ≤ 0.05, respectively.

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Figure 8
Percentage of pistils with pollen tubes in the style of peach flowers (%) at 18ºC and 30ºC for 24 to 96h during 2012. ^ns, **, * Nonsignificant or significant at p ≤ 0.01 or p ≤ 0.05, respectively.

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Figure 9
Percentage of pistils with pollen tubes in the style of peach flowers (%) at 18ºC and 30ºC for 24 to 96h during 2014. ^ns, **, * Nonsignificant or significant at p ≤ 0.01 or p ≤ 0.05, respectively.

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Table 1
Summary of the analysis of variance, degree of freedom (DF) and the mean squares for pollen adherence (PAd) for the years 2011, 2012, and 2014.

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Table 2
Summary of the analysis of variance, degree of freedom (DF) and the mean squares for pollen germination (PGe) for the years 2011, 2012, and 2014.

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Table 3
Summary of the analysis of variance, degree of freedom (DF) and the mean squares for the percentage of pollen tubes in the style (PPTS) for the years 2011, 2012, and 2014.

Figure 1 Adherence of pollen grains on the stigma (classes: 1= zero; 2 = 1 to 25; 3 = 26 to 50; 4 = 51 to 75, 5 = 76 to 100, and 6 = over 100 pollen grains) of flowers at 18ºC and 30ºC for 24 to 96h during 2011. ^ns, **, * Nonsignificant or significant at p ≤ 0.01 or p ≤ 0.05, respectively.

Figure 2 Adherence of pollen grains on the stigma (classes: 1= zero; 2 = 1 to 25; 3 = 26 to 50; 4 = 51 to 75, 5 = 76 to 100, and 6 = over 100 pollen grains) of flowers at 18ºC and 30ºC for 24 to 96h, during 2012. ^ns, **, * Nonsignificant or significant at p ≤ 0.01 or p ≤ 0.05, respectively.

Figure 3 Adherence of pollen grains on the stigma (classes: 1 = zero; 2 = 1 to 25; 3 = 26 to 50; 4 = 51 to 75, 5 = 76 to 100, and 6 = over 100 pollen grains) of flowers at 18ºC and 30ºC for 24 to 96h during 2014. ^ns, **, * Nonsignificant or significant at p ≤ 0.01 or p ≤ 0.05, respectively.

Figure 4 Germination of pollen on the stigma (classes: 1 = zero; 2 = 1 to 25; 3 = 26 to 50; 4 = 51 to 75, 5 = 76 to 100, and 6 =over 100 pollen grains) in peach flowers at 18ºC and 30ºC for 24 to 96h during 2011. ^ns, **, * Nonsignificant or significant at p ≤ 0.01 or p ≤ 0.05, respectively.

Figure 5 Germination of pollen on the stigma (classes: 1 = zero; 2 = 1 to 25; 3 = 26 to 50; 4 = 51 to 75, 5 = 76 to 100, and 6 =over 100 pollen grains) in peach flowers at 18ºC and 30ºC for 24 to 96h during 2012. ^ns, **, * Nonsignificant or significant at p ≤ 0.01 or p ≤ 0.05, respectively.

Figure 6 Germination of pollens on the stigma (classes: 1 = zero; 2 = 1 to 25; 3 = 26 to 50; 4 = 51 to 75, 5 = 76 to 100, and 6 =over 100 pollen grains) in peach flowers at 18ºC and 30ºC for 24 to 96h during 2014. ^ns, **, * Nonsignificant or significant at p ≤ 0.01 or p ≤ 0.05, respectively.

Figure 7 Percentage of pistils with pollen tubes in the style of peach flowers (%) at 18ºC and 30ºC for 24 to 96h during 2011. ^ns, **, * Nonsignificant or significant at p ≤ 0.01 or p ≤ 0.05, respectively.

Figure 8 Percentage of pistils with pollen tubes in the style of peach flowers (%) at 18ºC and 30ºC for 24 to 96h during 2012. ^ns, **, * Nonsignificant or significant at p ≤ 0.01 or p ≤ 0.05, respectively.

Figure 9 Percentage of pistils with pollen tubes in the style of peach flowers (%) at 18ºC and 30ºC for 24 to 96h during 2014. ^ns, **, * Nonsignificant or significant at p ≤ 0.01 or p ≤ 0.05, respectively.

Table 1 Summary of the analysis of variance, degree of freedom (DF) and the mean squares for pollen adherence (PAd) for the years 2011, 2012, and 2014.

	Mean Squares
	2011		2012		2014
Sources of variation	DF	PAd	DF	Pad	DF	PAd 2014
Genotype (G)	7	0.1116 **	9	0.0905 **	9	0.1403 **
Time (T)	3	0.1076 **	3	0.1027 **	3	0.8891 **
Temperature (°C)	1	0.0383 *	1	0.3824 **	1	0.3248 **
G x T	21	0.0103 ns	27	0.0533 **	27	0.0239 **
G x °C	7	0.0131 ns	9	0.0369 **	9	0.0443 **
T x °C	3	0.0413 **	3	0.1066 **	3	0.2158 **
G x T x °C	21	0.0195 **	27	0.0339 **	27	0.0416 **
Error	128	0.0068	160	0.0091	160	0.0070
C.V. (%)		12.8		19.0		17.3
Mean		0.6406		0.5038		0.4844

^ns, **, * Nonsignificant or significant at p ≤ 0.01 or ≤ 0.05, respectively.

Table 2 Summary of the analysis of variance, degree of freedom (DF) and the mean squares for pollen germination (PGe) for the years 2011, 2012, and 2014.

	Mean Square
	2011		2012		2014
Sources of variation	DF	PGe	DF	PGe	DF	PGe
Genotype (G)	7	0.1862 **	9	0.2133 **	9	0.3121 **
Time (T)	3	0.2057 **	3	0.2921 **	3	0.8004 **
Temperature (°C)	1	0.1241 **	1	0.6500 **	1	0.5468 **
G x T	21	0.0216 **	27	0.0303 **	27	0.0534 **
G x °C	7	0.0164 ^ns	9	0.0926 **	9	0.0709 **
T x °C	3	0.0835 **	3	0.0599 **	3	0.1505 **
G x T x °C	21	0.0188 **	27	0.0248 **	27	0.0441 **
Error	128	0.0083	160	0.0083	160	0.0056
C.V. (%)		18.3		14.2		12.4
Mean		0.4977		0.6414		0.6059

^ns, **, Nonsignificant or significant at p ≤ 0.01 respectively.

Table 3 Summary of the analysis of variance, degree of freedom (DF) and the mean squares for the percentage of pollen tubes in the style (PPTS) for the years 2011, 2012, and 2014.

	Mean Square
	2011		2012		2014
Sources of variation	DF	PPTS	DF	PPTS	DF	PPTS
Genotype (G)	7	0.2084 **	9	0.9656 **	9	1.1239 **
Time (T)	3	1.0336 **	3	4.2500 **	3	3.4153 **
Temperature (°C)	1	0.9624 **	1	4.7602 **	1	5.1173 **
G x T	21	0.1814 **	27	0.2465 **	27	0.2666 **
G x °C	7	0.0530 ^ns	9	0.4701 **	9	0.1560 **
T x °C	3	0.5847 **	3	0.7290 **	3	0.4512 **
G x T x °C	21	0.0882 *	27	0.1913 **	27	0.2414 **
Error	128	0.0502	160	0.0371	160	0.0620
C.V. (%)		18.3		16.7		29.01
Mean		1.2272		1.1543		0.8584

^ns,*, **, Nonsignificant, significant at p ≤ 0.01 or p ≤ 0.05, respectively.

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Stigmatic receptivity of peach flowers submitted to heat stress

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[1] *Author for correspondence. E-mail: carpenedo.s@hotmail.com