Biomass production and nutrient accumulation in physalis in two edaphoclimatic conditions

In Brazil, although there is a growing demand for physalis in the food industries, information on the nutritional management of the crop is still incipient. This study aimed to evaluate the biomass production and accumulation of nutrients in the shoots and fruit of physalis in two cultivation sites. Two field experiments were conducted, one where the soil was Typic Quartzipsamment in the municipality of Diamantina and the other where the soil was Rhodic Hapludox in the municipality of São João Evangelista, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The experiments were conducted in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. The treatments were the evaluation period. Samples were collected every 15 days the day of planting of the seedlings in the field for a period of 240 days. Dry matter and nutrient accumulation in shoot and fruit were evaluated. The biomass production and nutrient accumulation were higher in the edaphoclimatic conditions at São João Evangelista compared to the conditions at Diamantina. Macronutrient accumulation was in the following order: N > K > Ca > S > Mg > P in shoot and N > K > P > S > Ca > Mg in fruit. Micronutrient accumulation in shoot and fruit was in the following order: Fe > Mn > Zn > B > Cu.

Keywords:
absorption rate; cover fertilization; Physalis peruviana L

Authorship

Ramony Cristina Lima

Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Rodovia MGT-367, Km 583, 5000, 39100-000, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e MucuriBrazilDiamantina, Minas Gerais, BrazilDepartamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Rodovia MGT-367, Km 583, 5000, 39100-000, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Enilson de Barros Silva ^**Author for correspondence. E-mail: ebsilva@ufvjm.edu.br

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2088-9965

Maria do Céu Monteiro Cruz

Evander Alves Ferreira

Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisBrazilMontes Claros, Minas Gerais, BrazilInstituto de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Ari Medeiros Braga Neto

Instituto Federal de Minas Gerais, São João Evangelista, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Instituto Federal de Minas GeraisBrazilSão João Evangelista, Minas Gerais, BrazilInstituto Federal de Minas Gerais, São João Evangelista, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Viktor Kayro Souza Santos

Dalila Costa Aparecida Bie

*Author for correspondence. E-mail: ebsilva@ufvjm.edu.br

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables | Formulas

Figures (2)
Tables (3)
Formulas (5)

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Figure 1
Average temperature and accumulated biweekly rainfall during the experimental period in Diamantina and São João Evangelista, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Source: Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (Inmet, 2020Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia [Inmet]. (2020). Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia. Retrieved on May, 2020 from Retrieved on May, 2020 from http://www.inmet.gov.br/portal/index.php?r=tempo2/verProximosDias&code=3121605
http://www.inmet.gov.br/portal/index.php... )

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Figure 2
Accumulation of dry matter (DM) and nutrients in the shoot and fruit of physalis as a function of the period elapsed after planting the seedlings in Diamantina (DTA) and São João Evangelista (SJE), Minas Gerais State, Brazil.

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Table 1
Chemical and textural characterization of soils prior the implementation of experiments.

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Table 2
Regression equations for the accumulation of dry matter (DM) and nutrients in the shoot and fruit of physalis as a function of the time elapsed after planting the seedlings in Diamantina and São João Evangelista, Minas Gerais State, Brazil.

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Table 3
Maximum accumulation (MA), maximum daily accumulation rate (Mdar), point of maximum daily accumulation rate (X_Mdar), point of the minimum curve (CP_min), maximum (CP_max) of dry matter (DM), and nutrients in the shoot and fruit of physalis grown in two sites (DTA: Diamantina and SJE: São João Evangelista).

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Figure 1 Average temperature and accumulated biweekly rainfall during the experimental period in Diamantina and São João Evangelista, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Source: Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (Inmet, 2020Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia [Inmet]. (2020). Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia. Retrieved on May, 2020 from Retrieved on May, 2020 from http://www.inmet.gov.br/portal/index.php?r=tempo2/verProximosDias&code=3121605
http://www.inmet.gov.br/portal/index.php... )

Figure 2 Accumulation of dry matter (DM) and nutrients in the shoot and fruit of physalis as a function of the period elapsed after planting the seedlings in Diamantina (DTA) and São João Evangelista (SJE), Minas Gerais State, Brazil.

Table 1 Chemical and textural characterization of soils prior the implementation of experiments.

Characteristic	Unit	Soil
Characteristic	Unit	TQ	RH
pH _water	-	6.7	5.3
P	mg kg^-1	3.7	3.2
K	mmoL_c kg^-1	0.3	0.9
Ca	mmoL_c kg^-1	7.5	12.9
Mg	mmoL_c kg^-1	6.0	5.7
Al	mmoL_c kg^-1	1.0	9.1
T	mmoL_c kg^-1	32.3	53.9
m	%	7.0	32.0
V	%	43.0	36.0
B	mg kg^-1	0.3	0.2
Cu	mg kg^-1	1.2	0.8
Fe	mg kg^-1	32.0	128.0
Mn	mg kg^-1	21.0	68.0
Zn	mg kg^-1	0.8	0.5
OC	g kg^-1	4.8	9.2
Sand	g kg^-1	860	320
Loam	g kg^-1	30	130
Clay	g kg^-1	110	560

pH_water: Soil: water 1:2.5. P, K, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn: Mehlich-1 extractor. Ca, Mg and Al: KCl 1 moL L^-1 extractor. B: Hot water method. T: Cation exchange capacity at pH 7.0. m: Aluminum saturation. V: Bases saturation. OC: Organic carbonic by Walkey-Black method. Sand, silt, and clay: Pipette method. TQ: Typic Quartzipsamment. RQ: Rhodic Hapludox.

Table 2 Regression equations for the accumulation of dry matter (DM) and nutrients in the shoot and fruit of physalis as a function of the time elapsed after planting the seedlings in Diamantina and São João Evangelista, Minas Gerais State, Brazil.

Variable	Part	Diamantina		São João Evangelista
Variable	Part	Model	R²	Model	R²
DM	Shoot	ŷ = 1031/1 + exp(-(x - 151)/22))	0.96	ŷ = 2630/1 + exp(-(x - 114)/17))	0.93
DM	Fruit	ŷ = 407/1 + exp(-(x - 154)/4))	0.94	ŷ = 678/1 + exp(-(x - 126)/14))	0.85
N	Shoot	ŷ = 27.9/1 + exp(-(x - 146)/30))	0.95	ŷ = 40.0/1 + exp(-(x - 103)/18))	0.96
N	Fruit	ŷ = 7.0/1 + exp(-(x - 147)/8))	0.90	ŷ = 12.0/1 + exp(-(x - 135)/11))	0.90
P	Shoot	ŷ = 1.7/1 + exp(-(x - 153)/20))	0.95	ŷ = 5.7/1 + exp(-(x - 102)/14))	0.90
P	Fruit	ŷ = 1.2/1 + exp(-(x - 153)/8))	0.92	ŷ = 3.5/1 + exp(-(x - 117)/15))	0.90
K	Shoot	ŷ = 21.7/1 + exp(-(x - 149)/27))	0.95	ŷ = 29.0/1 + exp(-(x - 98)/17))	0.96
K	Fruit	ŷ = 6.2/1 + exp(-(x - 147)/10))	0.90	ŷ = 7.9/1 + exp(-(x - 135)/11))	0.90
Ca	Shoot	ŷ = 5.3/1 + exp(-(x - 142)/37))	0.95	ŷ = 13.5/1 + exp(-(x - 108)/23))	0.97
Ca	Fruit	ŷ = 0.7/1 + exp(-(x - 147)/16))	0.94	ŷ = 2.3/1 + exp(-(x - 141)/23))	0.92
Mg	Shoot	ŷ = 2.6/1 + exp(-(x - 148)/26))	0.95	ŷ = 6.1/1 + exp(-(x - 96)/15))	0.97
Mg	Fruit	ŷ = 4.0/1 + exp(-(x - 149)/28))	0.97	ŷ = 9.4/1 + exp(-(x - 104)/16))	0.95
S	Shoot	ŷ = 1031/1 + exp(-(x - 151)/22))	0.96	ŷ = 2630/1 + exp(-(x - 114)/17))	0.93
S	Fruit	ŷ = 1.1/1 + exp(-(x - 142)/10))	0.90	ŷ = 2.4/1 + exp(-(x - 122)/14))	0.85
B	Shoot	ŷ = 16.7/1 + exp(-(x - 153)/18))	0.97	ŷ = 49.4/1 + exp(-(x - 111)/17))	0.95
B	Fruit	ŷ = 6.0/1 + exp(-(x - 154)/4))	0.94	ŷ = 11.7/1 + exp(-(x - 126)/13))	0.85
Cu	Shoot	ŷ = 15.2/1 + exp(-(x - 145)/28))	0.96	ŷ = 17.1/1 + exp(-(x - 100)/17))	0.90
Cu	Fruit	ŷ = 3.6/1 + exp(-(x - 149)/10))	0.92	ŷ = 6.5/1 + exp(-(x - 122)/16))	0.85
Fe	Shoot	ŷ = 544.0/1 + exp(-(x - 149)/33))	0.94	ŷ = 1155.7/1 + exp(-(x - 130)/32))	0.98
Fe	Fruit	ŷ = 195.4/1 + exp(-(x - 154)/4))	0.93	ŷ = 737.6/1 + exp(-(x - 182)/21))	0.98
Mn	Shoot	ŷ = 68.3/1 + exp(-(x - 157)/17))	0.97	ŷ = 82.1/1 + exp(-(x - 126)/21))	0.96
Mn	Fruit	ŷ = 10.4/1 + exp(-(x - 155)/4))	0.93	ŷ = 19.3/1 + exp(-(x - 132)/10))	0.88
Zn	Shoot	ŷ = 56.3/1 + exp(-(x - 142)/18))	0.93	ŷ = 70.0/1 + exp(-(x - 112)/20))	0.94
Zn	Fruit	ŷ = 9.0/1 + exp(-(x - 151)/4))	0.90	ŷ = 18.7/1 + exp(-(x - 124)/13))	0.86

Table 3 Maximum accumulation (MA), maximum daily accumulation rate (Mdar), point of maximum daily accumulation rate (X_Mdar), point of the minimum curve (CP_min), maximum (CP_max) of dry matter (DM), and nutrients in the shoot and fruit of physalis grown in two sites (DTA: Diamantina and SJE: São João Evangelista).

Variable	Site	MA		MDAR		X_MDAR		CP_min		CP_max
		Shoot	Fruit	Shoot	Fruit	Shoot	Fruit	Shoot	Fruit	Shoot	Fruit
		kg ha^-1		kg ha^-1 dia^-1		DAP
DM	DTA	1128.6	406.7	12.88	25.39	151	154	107	146	195	162
DM	SJE	2629.7	677.6	38.83	12.15	114	126	80	98	148	154
N	DTA	27.9	7.0	0.23	0.22	146	147	86	131	206	163
N	SJE	40.0	12.0	0.56	0.27	103	135	67	113	139	157
P	DTA	1.7	1.2	0.02	0.03	153	153	113	137	193	169
P	SJE	5.7	3.5	0.09	0.04	102	117	74	87	130	147
K	DTA	21.7	6.23	0.20	0.16	149	147	95	127	203	167
K	SJE	29.0	7.9	0.43	0.18	98	135	64	113	132	157
Ca	DTA	5.3	0.7	0.04	0.01	142	147	68	115	216	179
Ca	SJE	13.5	2.3	0.15	0.03	108	141	62	95	154	187
Mg	DTA	2.6	0.3	0.03	0.01	148	138	96	106	200	170
Mg	SJE	6.1	1.6	0.10	0.03	96	122	66	92	126	152
S	DTA	4.0	1.1	0.04	0.03	149	142	93	122	205	162
S	SJE	9.4	2.4	0.15	0.04	104	122	72	94	136	150
		g ha^-1		g ha^-1 dia^-1		DAP
B	DTA	16.7	6.0	0.23	0.38	153	154	117	146	189	162
B	SJE	49.4	11.7	0.71	0.23	111	126	77	100	145	152
Cu	DTA	15.2	3.6	0.14	0.09	145	149	89	129	201	169
Cu	SJE	17.1	6.5	0.25	0.10	100	122	66	90	134	154
Fe	DTA	544.0	195.4	4.14	12.20	149	154	83	146	215	162
Fe	SJE	1155.7	737.6	9.07	8.82	130	182	66	140	194	224
Mn	DTA	68.3	10.4	1.01	0.52	157	155	123	147	191	165
Mn	SJE	82.1	19.3	0.98	0.48	126	132	84	112	168	152
Zn	DTA	56.3	9.0	0.79	0.52	142	151	106	143	178	159
Zn	SJE	70.0	18.7	0.88	0.36	112	132	72	98	152	150

M a c r o n u t r i e n t a c c u m u l a t i o n = [D M (k g {h a}^{- 1}) \times m a c r o n u t r i e n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n (g {k g}^{- 1})] / 1000

M i c r o n u t r i e n t a c c u m u l a t i o n = [D M (k g {h a}^{- 1}) \times m i c r o n u t r i e n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n (g {k g}^{- 1})] / 1000

ŷ = a / 1 + e x p - ((x - x 0) / b)

{C P}_{m i n} = x_{0} - 2 b

{C P}_{m a x} = x_{0} + 2 b

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Biomass production and nutrient accumulation in physalis in two edaphoclimatic conditions

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[1] *Author for correspondence. E-mail: ebsilva@ufvjm.edu.br