Physiological quality of forage palm seeds and seedlings associated with the level of ploidy

The forage palm is widely cultivated in semiarid regions. It has a basic chromosome number of x = 11 and polyploids are the main variation. It is propagated via vegetative reproduction, and sexual propagation is rarely used. The objective was to associate the physiological quality of seeds of different cultivars of forage palm with the level of ploidy in the genera Opuntia and Nopalea. The cultivars used were: diploids (2n = 22) ‘F8’, ‘F21’, and ‘IPA Sertânia’; tetraploids (2n = 44) ‘Clone 6 African Elephant Ear’, ‘Mexican Elephant Ear’, and ‘V19’, and octaploids (2n = 88) ‘Round’, ‘Giant’, and ‘IPA Clone 20’. Thousand seed weight, length, diameter, number of seeds per fruit, first count and emergence percentage, shoot and root length, fresh and dry mass, electrical conductivity, and length, width, and fresh and dry weight of cladodes were measured. A nested scheme design was used, with three levels of ploidy and three cultivars within each level. The ploidy level positively influenced the number of seeds per fruit and the physiological quality of the seeds. Cultivars behave differently within the same ploidy level.

Keywords:
diploids; Opuntia ficus-indica; polyploids; vigor

Authorship

Ronimeire Torres da Silva ^** Author for correspondence. E-mail: ronimeiretorres@hotmail.com

Departamento de Fitotecnia e Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Rodovia PB-079, Km 12, 58397-000, Areia, Paraíba, Brazil.Universidade Federal da ParaíbaBrazilAreia, Paraíba, BrazilDepartamento de Fitotecnia e Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Rodovia PB-079, Km 12, 58397-000, Areia, Paraíba, Brazil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8362-3056

Riselane de Lucena Alcântara Bruno

Rodrigo Garcia Silva Nascimento

Jackson Silva Nóbrega

Miguel Avelino Barbosa Neto

Alberício Pereira de Andrade

Unidade Acadêmica de Garanhuns, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Garanhuns, Pernambuco, Brazil. Universidade Federal Rural de PernambucoBrazilGaranhuns, Pernambuco, Brazil Unidade Acadêmica de Garanhuns, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Garanhuns, Pernambuco, Brazil.

* Author for correspondence. E-mail: ronimeiretorres@hotmail.com

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (6)
Tables (2)

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Figure 1
Percentage of emergence (A), first emergence count (B), weight of a thousand seeds (C), and electrical conductivity (D) of cultivars of forage palm genera, Opuntia and Nopalea, depending on the level of ploidy (88, octaploid; 44, tetraploid; and 22, diploid). Averages followed by the same letter do not differ statistically. Tukey's test was applied at the 5% probability level. The bars represent the means (n = 4) ± standard error of the mean.

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Figure 2
Length of aerial part (A) and root (B), fresh mass (C), and dry seedling weight (D) of cultivars of forage palm genera, Opuntia and Nopalea, depending on the level of ploidy (88, octaploid; 44, tetraploid; and 22, diploid). Averages followed by the same letter do not differ statistically. Tukey's test was applied at the 5% probability level. The bars represent the means (n = 4) ± standard error of the mean.

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Figure 3
Length (A) and width (B), fresh mass (C), and dry cladode weight (D) of cultivars of forage palm genera, Opuntia and Nopalea, depending on the level of ploidy (88, octaploid; 44, tetraploid; and 22, diploid). Averages followed by the same letter do not differ statistically. Tukey's test was applied at the 5% probability level. The bars represent the means (n = 4) ± standard error of the mean.

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Figure 4
Percentage of emergence (A), first emergence count (B), thousand seed weight (C), and electrical conductivity (D) of forage palm cultivars of the genera, Opuntia and Nopalea, as a function of ploidy level. Diploids (2n = 22) (1 - ‘F8’, 2 - ‘F21’, and 3 - ‘IPA Sertânia’); tetraploids (2n = 44) (1 - 'Clone 6 African Elephant Ear', 2 - 'Mexican Elephant Ear', and 3 - 'V19'), and octaploids (2n = 88) (1 - 'Round', 2 - 'Giant,' and 3 - 'IPA Clone 20'). Averages followed by the same letter, within the same ploidy level, do not differ by the Tukey test at the 5% probability level. The bars represent the means (n = 4) ± standard error of the mean.

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Figure 5
Length of aerial part (A) and root (B), fresh mass (C), and dry seedling mass (D) of forage palm cultivars of the genera Opuntia and Nopalea, as a function of ploidy level. Diploids (2n = 22) (1 - ‘F8’, 2 - ‘F21’, and 3 - ‘IPA Sertânia’); tetraploids (2n = 44) (1 - 'Clone 6 African Elephant Ear', 2 - 'Mexican Elephant Ear', and 3 - 'V19'), and octoploids (2n = 88) (1 - 'Round', 2- 'Giant', and 3 - 'IPA Clone 20'). Averages followed by the same letter, within the same ploidy level, do not differ by the Tukey test at the 5% probability level. The bars represent the means (n = 4) ± standard error of the mean.

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Figure 6
Length (A), width of cladodes (B), fresh mass (C), and dry mass of cladodes (D) of cultivars of forage palm of the genera, Opuntia and Nopalea, depending on the level of ploidy. Diploids (2n = 22) (1 - ‘F8’, 2 - ‘F21’, and 3 - ‘IPA Sertânia’); tetraploids (2n = 44) (1 - 'Clone 6 African Elephant Ear', 2 - 'Mexican Elephant Ear', and 3 - 'V19'), and octoploids (2n = 88) (1 - 'Round', 2- 'Giant', and 3 - 'IPA Clone 20'). Averages followed by the same letter, within the same ploidy level, do not differ by the Tukey test at the 5% probability level. The bars represent the means (n = 4) ± standard error of the mean.

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Table 1
Common name, species, and chromosome number of forage palm cultivars used in the trial.

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Table 2
Water content in seeds of different cultivars of forage palm (Opuntia and Nopalea).

Figure 1 Percentage of emergence (A), first emergence count (B), weight of a thousand seeds (C), and electrical conductivity (D) of cultivars of forage palm genera, Opuntia and Nopalea, depending on the level of ploidy (88, octaploid; 44, tetraploid; and 22, diploid). Averages followed by the same letter do not differ statistically. Tukey's test was applied at the 5% probability level. The bars represent the means (n = 4) ± standard error of the mean.

Figure 2 Length of aerial part (A) and root (B), fresh mass (C), and dry seedling weight (D) of cultivars of forage palm genera, Opuntia and Nopalea, depending on the level of ploidy (88, octaploid; 44, tetraploid; and 22, diploid). Averages followed by the same letter do not differ statistically. Tukey's test was applied at the 5% probability level. The bars represent the means (n = 4) ± standard error of the mean.

Figure 3 Length (A) and width (B), fresh mass (C), and dry cladode weight (D) of cultivars of forage palm genera, Opuntia and Nopalea, depending on the level of ploidy (88, octaploid; 44, tetraploid; and 22, diploid). Averages followed by the same letter do not differ statistically. Tukey's test was applied at the 5% probability level. The bars represent the means (n = 4) ± standard error of the mean.

Figure 4 Percentage of emergence (A), first emergence count (B), thousand seed weight (C), and electrical conductivity (D) of forage palm cultivars of the genera, Opuntia and Nopalea, as a function of ploidy level. Diploids (2n = 22) (1 - ‘F8’, 2 - ‘F21’, and 3 - ‘IPA Sertânia’); tetraploids (2n = 44) (1 - 'Clone 6 African Elephant Ear', 2 - 'Mexican Elephant Ear', and 3 - 'V19'), and octaploids (2n = 88) (1 - 'Round', 2 - 'Giant,' and 3 - 'IPA Clone 20'). Averages followed by the same letter, within the same ploidy level, do not differ by the Tukey test at the 5% probability level. The bars represent the means (n = 4) ± standard error of the mean.

Figure 5 Length of aerial part (A) and root (B), fresh mass (C), and dry seedling mass (D) of forage palm cultivars of the genera Opuntia and Nopalea, as a function of ploidy level. Diploids (2n = 22) (1 - ‘F8’, 2 - ‘F21’, and 3 - ‘IPA Sertânia’); tetraploids (2n = 44) (1 - 'Clone 6 African Elephant Ear', 2 - 'Mexican Elephant Ear', and 3 - 'V19'), and octoploids (2n = 88) (1 - 'Round', 2- 'Giant', and 3 - 'IPA Clone 20'). Averages followed by the same letter, within the same ploidy level, do not differ by the Tukey test at the 5% probability level. The bars represent the means (n = 4) ± standard error of the mean.

Figure 6 Length (A), width of cladodes (B), fresh mass (C), and dry mass of cladodes (D) of cultivars of forage palm of the genera, Opuntia and Nopalea, depending on the level of ploidy. Diploids (2n = 22) (1 - ‘F8’, 2 - ‘F21’, and 3 - ‘IPA Sertânia’); tetraploids (2n = 44) (1 - 'Clone 6 African Elephant Ear', 2 - 'Mexican Elephant Ear', and 3 - 'V19'), and octoploids (2n = 88) (1 - 'Round', 2- 'Giant', and 3 - 'IPA Clone 20'). Averages followed by the same letter, within the same ploidy level, do not differ by the Tukey test at the 5% probability level. The bars represent the means (n = 4) ± standard error of the mean.

Table 1 Common name, species, and chromosome number of forage palm cultivars used in the trial.

Common name	Species	2n
1 - ‘F8’	Nopalea cochenillifera	22
2 - ‘F21’	Nopalea cochenillifera	22
3 - ‘IPA - Sertânia’	Opuntia atropes Rose	22
1 - ‘Clone 6 Orelha de Elefante Africana’	Opuntia sp	44
2 - ‘Orelha de Elefante Mexicana’	Opuntialarreyi F.A.C.	44
- ‘V19’	Opuntia stricta (Haw)	44
1 - ‘Redonda’	Opuntia ficus-indica	88
2 - ‘Gigante’	Opuntia ficus-indica	88
3 - ‘IPA Clone 20’	Opuntia ficus-indica	88

Table 2 Water content in seeds of different cultivars of forage palm (Opuntia and Nopalea).

Cultivars	2n	Degree of humidity (g water kg^-1 of seeds)
‘IPA - Sertânia’	22	58
‘F21’	22	65
‘F8’	22	67
‘Clone 6 Orelha de Elefante Africana’	44	49
‘V19’	44	45
‘Orelha de Elefante Mexicana’	44	69
‘Redonda’	88	49
‘Gigante’	88	51
’IPA Clone 20’	88	64

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Physiological quality of forage palm seeds and seedlings associated with the level of ploidy

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[1] * Author for correspondence. E-mail: ronimeiretorres@hotmail.com