Brazil nut oil in diets for breeder cocks

This study aimed to evaluate the inclusion of Brazil nut oil in diets for breeder cocks on performance, semen analyses, biochemical serum profile and testicular morphology. Forty-two Rhode Island Red breeder cocks with 40 weeks of age were used. The experimental design was completely randomized consisting of seven levels of Brazil nut oil (0; 0.30; 0.60; 0.90; 1.20; 1.50 and 1.80%) in the diets. Data collected were evaluated by polynomial regression. Differences (p < 0.05) were detected in feed conversion, semen volume, motility, vigor, pH, swirling and concentration, in which the inclusion of Brazil nut oil in the diets improved the reproductive performance. Differences (p < 0.05) were also detected in the biochemical serum profile (triglycerides, cholesterol and blood pH); the inclusion of Brazil nut oil caused a large increase in blood triglycerides and cholesterol levels, consequently, changing the blood pH. The Brazil nut oil can be used as an energetic additive in diets given to breeder cocks, promoting better reproductive performance, without changing semen and testicular morphology, but altering the biochemical serum profile of the birds.

Keywords:
additive; fatty acids; metabolism; reproductive performance

Authorship

João Paulo Ferreira Rufino ^**Author for correspondence. E-mail: joaopaulorufino@hotmail.com

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Av. General Rodrigo Octávio Jordão Ramos, 6200, 69077-000, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. Universidade Federal do AmazonasBrazilManaus, Amazonas, BrazilPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Av. General Rodrigo Octávio Jordão Ramos, 6200, 69077-000, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.

Frank George Guimarães Cruz

Departamento de Produção Animal e Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. Universidade Federal do AmazonasBrazilManaus, Amazonas, BrazilDepartamento de Produção Animal e Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.

Ramon Duque Melo

Curso de Zootecnia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. Universidade Federal do AmazonasBrazilManaus, Amazonas, BrazilCurso de Zootecnia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.

Julmar da Costa Feijó

Lucas Duque Melo

Ana Paula Guimarães Cruz Costa

Natalia dos Santos Bezerra

*Author for correspondence. E-mail: joaopaulorufino@hotmail.com

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Tables

Tables (6)

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Table 1
Composition of the diets containing Brazil nut oil.

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Table 2
Feed intake (FI), weight gain (WG) and feed conversion (FC, g mL^-1) of cocks fed diets containing increasing levels of Brazil nut oil.

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Table 3
Andrological analysis of cocks fed diets containing increasing levels of Brazil nut oil.

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Table 4
Sperm morphology of cocks fed diets containing increasing levels of Brazil nut oil.

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Table 5
Blood biochemical analysis of cocks fed diets containing increasing levels of Brazil nut oil.

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Table 6
Testicular morphology of cocks fed diets containing increasing levels of Brazil nut oil.

Table 1 Composition of the diets containing Brazil nut oil.

Ingredients	Levels of nut oil (%)
Ingredients	0.00	0.30	0.60	0.90	1.20	1.50	1.80
Corn (7.88%)	68.84	69.44	69.12	68.75	68.39	68.03	67.67
Soybean meal (46%)	20.82	19.90	19.92	19.99	20.05	20.11	20.18
Brazil nut oil	0.00	0.30	0.60	0.90	1.20	1.50	1.80
Limestone	7.73	7.73	7.73	7.73	7.73	7.73	7.72
Dicalcium phosphate	1.69	1.70	1.70	1.70	1.70	1.70	1.70
Premix Vit. Min.1¹	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50
DL-methionine (99%)	0.06	0.07	0.07	0.07	0.07	0.07	0.07
Salt	0.35	0.35	0.35	0.35	0.35	0.35	0.35
BHT²	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01
Total	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00
Nutrients	Nutritional levels
Met energy, kcal^{- 1} kg^-1	2,800	2,800	2,800	2,800	2,800	2,800	2,800
Crude protein, %	14.50	14.50	14.50	14.50	14.50	14.50	14.50
Met. + Cystine, %	0.55	0.55	0.55	0.55	0.55	0.55	0.55
Methionine, %	0.30	0.30	0.30	0.30	0.30	0.30	0.30
Calcium, %	3.40	3.40	3.40	3.40	3.40	3.40	3.40
Avilable phosphorus, %	0.40	0.40	0.40	0.40	0.40	0.40	0.40
Sodium, %	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.15

¹Levels of guarantee per kilogram of product: Vitamin A 2,000,000 IU, Vitamin D3 400,000 IU, Vitamin E 2,400 mg, Vitamin K3 400 mg, Vitamin B1 100 mg, Vitamin B2 760 mg, Vitamin B6 100 mg, Vitamin B12 2,400 mcg, Niacin 5,000 mg, Calcium Pantothenate 2,000 mg, Folic Acid 50 mg, Coccidiostatic 12,000 mg, Choline 50,000 mg, Copper 1,200 mg, Iron 6,000 mg, Manganese 14,000 mg, Zinc 10,000 mg, Iodine 100 mg. Selenium 40 mg. Vehicle quantum sufficit for 1,000 g. ² Butyl hydroxy toluene, antioxidant.

Table 2 Feed intake (FI), weight gain (WG) and feed conversion (FC, g mL^-1) of cocks fed diets containing increasing levels of Brazil nut oil.

Variables	Levels of inclusion of Brazil nut oil (%)							p-value	Effect	CV, %
Variables	0	0.3	0.6	0.9	1.2	1.5	1.8	p-value	Effect	CV, %
FI, g bird^-1 day^-1	84.16	78.87	77.14	76.23	86.44	92.32	83.99	0.93	ns	17.70
WG, g bird^-1	15.83	17.08	25.41	11.66	20.41	17.91	19.16	0.91	ns	17.10
FC, g mL^-1	326.12	160.40	125.31	224.26	299.84	173.06	258.75	0.04	Q	4.42

CV - coefficient of variation. p-value - coefficient of probability. Q - quadratic. ns - non-significant.

Table 3 Andrological analysis of cocks fed diets containing increasing levels of Brazil nut oil.

Variables	Levels of inclusion of Brazil nut oil (%)							p-value	Effect	CV, %
Variables	0	0.3	0.6	0.9	1.2	1.5	1.8	p-value	Effect	CV, %
Volume, mL	0.26	0.57	0.63	0.36	0.35	0.55	0.33	0.01	Q	18.36
Motility	5.00	5.00	4.00	3.75	5.00	4.50	5.00	0.01	Q	9.17
Vigor	5.00	4.87	3.75	3.75	5.00	4.62	5.00	0.01	Q	10.54
Density	4.87	4.62	4.00	4.75	5.00	4.50	5.00	0.30	ns	13.60
Texture	2.50	2.75	2.50	3.00	2.37	2.50	2.62	0.63	ns	18.95
Color	2.50	3.00	2.62	3.00	2.50	2.62	2.75	0.49	ns	16.33
Swirling	5.00	4.62	3.50	3.75	4.87	3.83	4.16	0.01	Q	14.02
pH	7.08	7.20	7.38	7.46	7.56	7.41	7.96	0.01	Q	2.79
Concentration, x10⁹	1.92	1.71	1.90	1.72	2.16	2.01	1.83	0.02	Q	9.47

CV - Coefficient of variation. p-value- Coefficient of Probability. Q - Quadratic. ns - non-significant.

Table 4 Sperm morphology of cocks fed diets containing increasing levels of Brazil nut oil.

Variables	Levels of inclusion of Brazil nut oil (%)							p-value	Effect	CV, %
Variables	0	0.3	0.6	0.9	1.2	1.5	1.8	p-value	Effect	CV, %
Rolled head, %	0.250	0.280	0.125	0.130	0.200	0.100	0.150	0.10	ns	1.20
Defective head, %	0.125	0.125	0.125	0.250	0.075	0.100	0.125	0.80	ns	17.78
Bent head, %	0.500	0.250	0.125	0.125	0.100	0.125	0.125	0.63	ns	15.10
Isolated head, %	0.450	0.675	0.300	0.550	0.150	0.100	0.250	0.32	ns	18.73
Defective tail, %	0.180	0.250	0.200	0.075	0.100	0.125	0.100	0.12	ns	10.01
Broken tail, %	0.375	0.500	0.125	0.500	0.250	0.100	0.125	0.32	ns	14.51
Bent tail, %	0.125	0.250	0.750	0.125	0.000	0.000	0.125	0.06	ns	14.02
Presence of drop, %	0.375	0.300	0.500	0.625	0.125	0.100	0.250	0.28	ns	7.58
Normal, %	97.62	97.37	97.75	97.62	99.00	99.25	98.75	0.10	ns	1.11

CV - coefficient of variation. p-value - coefficient of probability. ns - non-significant.

Table 5 Blood biochemical analysis of cocks fed diets containing increasing levels of Brazil nut oil.

Variables	Levels of inclusion of Brazil nut oil (%)							p-value	Effect	CV, %
Variables	0	0.3	0.6	0.9	1.2	1.5	1.8	p-value	Effect	CV, %
Glucose, mg dL^-1	194.5	185.5	221.0	209.0	197.5	191.5	178.0	0.61	ns	11.79
Triglycerides, mg dL^-1	292.0	192.5	193.5	199.5	193.5	194.0	192.5	0.01	Q	1.65
Total cholesterol, mg dL^-1	163.5	169.5	158.0	160.0	163.0	178.0	165.0	0.04	Q	2.88
pH	6.86	6.94	7.04	7.08	6.99	7.01	7.06	0.01	Q	0.44

CV - coefficient of variation. p-value - coefficient of probability. Q - quadratic. ns - non-significant.

Table 6 Testicular morphology of cocks fed diets containing increasing levels of Brazil nut oil.

Variables	Levels of inclusion of Brazil nut oil (%)							p-value	Effect	CV, %
Variables	0	0.3	0.6	0.9	1.2	1.5	1.8	p-value	Effect	CV, %
Weight of the left testicle, g	16.60	11.66	14.00	15.66	13.66	17.00	18.33	0.82	ns	18.44
Diameter of the left testicle, cm	4.83	4.50	4.66	5.00	4.50	4.66	4.83	0.95	ns	14.08
Height of the left testicle, cm	10.33	10.00	9.66	11.00	9.33	9.00	10.00	0.31	ns	10.10
Thickness of the left testicle membrane, µm	56.00	46.00	46.00	36.00	36.00	40.00	46.00	0.06	ns	17.07
Weight of the right testicle, g	10.33	10.33	10.33	10.00	11.66	10.66	13.00	0.91	ns	20.15
Diameter of the right testicle, cm	4.00	3.83	4.00	4.16	4.16	4.00	4.16	0.89	ns	16.40
Height of the right testicle, cm	8.00	8.66	7.66	9.00	7.66	8.66	7.66	0.73	ns	15.79
Thickness of the right testicle membrane, µm	33.00	50.00	46.00	56.00	40.00	36.00	36.00	0.36	ns	21.39

CV - coefficient of variation. p-value - coefficient of probability. ns - non-significant.

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[1] *Author for correspondence. E-mail: joaopaulorufino@hotmail.com