Diet supplementation formulated with <i>Bacillus</i> sp. SMIA-2 and its enzymes for Nile tilapia: zootechnical performance and effects on intestinal morphometry

The use of probiotics and exogenous enzymes in fish feed is a promising alternative to improve animal performance. This study evaluated the feasibility of applying Bacillus sp. SMIA-2 and its enzymes as supplements in the diet for juvenile tilapia. The effect of adding different concentrations of Bacillus sp. SMIA-2 and its enzymes in food on zootechnical development, intestinal morphometry of animals was analyzed. The bacteria could be recovered from the intestines of animals, demonstrating its ability to survive gastric and bile acids. The comparative study of SMIA-2 with commercial products showed a significant effect on individual food intake, final weight and weight gain in all treatments. Gut length, villus height and intestinal coefficient were an advantage of SMIA-2 compared to commercial products and the control group. Therefore, the inclusion of Bacillus sp. SMIA-2 and its enzymes in fish feed may represent a viable alternative to improve animal development and significantly increase intestinal villi, contributing to nutrient absorption and animal health.

Keywords:
aquaculture; Bacillus; enzymes; animal nutrition; Oreochromis niloticus

Authorship

Priscilla Cortizo Costa Pierro

Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Espírito Santo, Campus de Alegre, Alegre, Espírito Santo, Brazil.Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Espírito SantoBrazilAlegre, Espírito Santo, BrazilInstituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Espírito Santo, Campus de Alegre, Alegre, Espírito Santo, Brazil.

Pedro Pierro Mendonça

Paola de Oliveira Santos

Thayna de Souza Pardo

Thaianara Galdino do Nascimento Assis

Samuel Oliveira da Silva

David Carvalho dos Santos Ribeiro

Meire Lelis Leal Martins ^** Author for correspondence. E-mail: meire@uenf.br

Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, 28013-602, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Universidade Estadual do Norte FluminenseBrazilCampos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, BrazilCentro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, 28013-602, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9812-0232

* Author for correspondence. E-mail: meire@uenf.br

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (5)
Tables (5)

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Figure 1
Photomicrography of the intestine section of fish with the measurement of villus height.

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Figure 2
Effect of different concentrations of Bacillus sp. SMIA-2 and its enzymes on the number of spores recovered from the intestines of tilapias.

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Figure 3
Intestinal villi height of tilapia according to different levels of SMIA-2 in the feed.

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Figure 4
Intestinal villi height of fish according to the diet 1 (Control), 2 (SMIA-2), 3 (Commercial product 1), 4 (Commercial product 2).

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Figure 5
Photomicrography of the intestinal portion of a fish fed inclusion levels of Bacillus sp. SMIA-2 with the measurement of the villus height.

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Table 1
Composition percentage and nutritional value of the basal experimental feed used in the fish diet.

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Table 2
Mean values of performance characteristics in tilapia juveniles fed different inclusion levels of SMIA-2.

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Table 3
Mean values of liver weight, viscera weight, hepatosomatic index, and viscerosomatic index in tilapia juveniles fed different inclusion levels of Bacillus sp. SMIA-2.

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Table 4
Mean values of performance characteristics in tilapia juveniles with the addition of different commercial symbiotics and Bacillus sp. SMIA-2.

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Table 5
Mean values of performance characteristics in tilapia juveniles fed different commercial symbiotics and Bacillus sp. SMIA-2.

Figure 1 Photomicrography of the intestine section of fish with the measurement of villus height.

Figure 2 Effect of different concentrations of Bacillus sp. SMIA-2 and its enzymes on the number of spores recovered from the intestines of tilapias.

Figure 3 Intestinal villi height of tilapia according to different levels of SMIA-2 in the feed.

Figure 4 Intestinal villi height of fish according to the diet 1 (Control), 2 (SMIA-2), 3 (Commercial product 1), 4 (Commercial product 2).

Figure 5 Photomicrography of the intestinal portion of a fish fed inclusion levels of Bacillus sp. SMIA-2 with the measurement of the villus height.

Table 1 Composition percentage and nutritional value of the basal experimental feed used in the fish diet.

Ingredients
Soybean meal	64.85 %
Cornmeal	20.14 %
Fish meal	10.00 %
Wheat bran	3.00 %
Soybean oil	2.00 %
Nutritional value
Crude protein	36%
Digestible energy	3,101.2 Kcal

Table 2 Mean values of performance characteristics in tilapia juveniles fed different inclusion levels of SMIA-2.

Inclusion levels of smia-2 (g kg^-1 feed)	Performance Characteristics
	FW (g)	WG (g)	FCR
Control	19.656	18.952	1.237
0.383	23.859	23.156	1.121
0.765	19.380	18.678	1.339
1.147	20.305	19.601	1.186
1.53	20.687	19.984	1.209

Table 3 Mean values of liver weight, viscera weight, hepatosomatic index, and viscerosomatic index in tilapia juveniles fed different inclusion levels of Bacillus sp. SMIA-2.

Inclusion levels OF SMIA-2 (g kg^-1 of feed)	Performance Characteristics
	LW (g)	VW (g)	HSI	VSI
Control	0.392ab	1.436abc	1.998ab	7.379a
0.383	0.362ab	1.666a	1.572ab	7.101a
0.765	0.242b	1.094c	1.253b	5.729a
1.147	0.408a	1.558ab	2.039a	7.701a
1.53	0.255ab	1.232bc	1.240b	5.969a

Means followed by different letters (columns) statistically differ by Tukey’s test at 5% significance. Liver weight (LW), viscera weight (VW), hepatosomatic index (HSI), and viscerosomatic index (VSI).

Table 4 Mean values of performance characteristics in tilapia juveniles with the addition of different commercial symbiotics and Bacillus sp. SMIA-2.

Treatments	Performance Characteristics
	IFC (g)	FW (g)	WG (g)	FCR
Control	26.801b	25.43b	24.29a	1.10a
SMIA-2	35.617a	35.45a	34.31a	1.04a
Commercial product 1	36.653a	35.39a	34.25a	1.07a
Commercial product 2	36.315a	36.28a	35.15b	1.03a

Means followed by different letters (columns) statistically differ by the Tukey test at 5% significance. Individual food consumption (IFC), final weight (FW), weight gain (WG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR).

Table 5 Mean values of performance characteristics in tilapia juveniles fed different commercial symbiotics and Bacillus sp. SMIA-2.

Treatments	Performance Characteristics
	SR (%)	SGR (%)	PER (%)	VW	IL	IC
Control	64ab	6.716b	2.5109a	1.1416b	47.60b	5.8458b
SMIA-2	42b	7.472a	2.6749a	2.0204ab	44.80b	5.6325b
Commercial product 1	82a	7.457a	2.5909a	2.6609a	58.20a	7.3616a
Commercial product 2	76a	7.529a	2.6881a	2.6798a	57.74a	7.2167a

Means followed by different letters (columns) statistically differ by Tukey’s test at 5% significance. Survival rate (SR), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), viscera weight (VW), intestinal length (IL), and intestinal coefficient (IC).

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Diet supplementation formulated with <i>Bacillus</i> sp. SMIA-2 and its enzymes for Nile tilapia: zootechnical performance and effects on intestinal morphometry

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[1] * Author for correspondence. E-mail: meire@uenf.br