Okara or soybean grain added to the rehydrated corn grain silage for cattle: digestibility, degradability and ruminal parameters

The experiment was carried out to evaluate total and partial digestibility of nutrients, the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis, in situ degradability and ruminal parameters in cattle fed diets with rehydrated corn grain silages, okara or soybean grain. Three Holstein steers were distributed in a 3 x 3 Latin square design. The treatments evaluated were: SO (corn grain silage + 30% okara), SSG (corn grain silage + 20% soybean grain) and CG (dry corn grains). The ruminal digestibility of non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC) increased in SO (88.34%) and SSG treatments (87.87%), compared to the CG treatment (63.48%). The minimum ruminal pH value was 6.01, observed 4.13 hours after feeding a diet with SO. The highest ammonia-N contents were 15.25 and 15.07 mg dL^-1 observed in SSG and SO, respectively, 2.45 and 2.61 hours after feeding. Treatments SO and SSG showed higher fraction A content (readily degradable fraction) and C (constant rate of degradability of fraction B). The effective degradability (ED) of dry matter (DM) was higher for the diets SO and DE of CP was higher for treatments SO and SSG. SSG and SO result in better utilization of nutrients by animals.

Keywords:
byproduct; fermentation; microbial synthesis; pH; soybean

Authorship

Tamara Tais Tres ^** Author for correspondence. E-mail: tamarattres@gmail.com

Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Jardim Universitário, 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brasil. Universidade Estadual de MaringáBrazilMaringá, Paraná, BrazilUniversidade Estadual de Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Jardim Universitário, 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0366-1344

Clóves Cabreira Jobim

Tatiana Garcia Diaz

João Luiz Pratti Daniel

Fernando Alberto Jacovaci

* Author for correspondence. E-mail: tamarattres@gmail.com

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Tables

Tables (4)

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Table 1
Chemical composition of the experimental diets.

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Table 2
Bayesian estimates for dry matter intake (DMI), total and ruminal apparent digestibility of nutrients, total digestible nutrients (TDN), microbial synthesis efficiency (Mic. Syn.) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) of Holstein steers fed diets based on corn grain silage added with okara (SO), corn grain silage added with soybean grain (SSG) or diets based on dry corn grain (CG).

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Table 3
Mean Bayesian estimates (standard deviation) for the parameters of models (1) and for data of in situ degradability of dry matter and crude protein and effective degradability (ED) with passage rates of, respectively, 2, 5 and 8% of diets based on corn grain silage added with 30% okara (SO), corn grain silage added with 20% soybean grain (SSG) or diets based on dry corn grain (CG).

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Table 4
Estimates of the critical points of the quadratic regressions fit for ruminal NH₃ and pH as a function of time (h) after feeding Holstein steers with diets based on corn grain silage added with 30% okara (SO), corn grain silage added with 20% soybean grain (SSG) or diets based on dry corn grain (CG), obtained by the Bayesian method for the diets evaluated.

Table 1 Chemical composition of the experimental diets.

Item	SO	SSG	CG
Ingredient (% DM)
Corn grain silage with 20% soybean	0.00	33.00	0.00
Corn grain silage with 30% okara	32.00	0.00	0.00
Corn grain (ground)	0.00	0.00	27.09
Soybean meal	7.22	5.00	11.00
Limestone	0.70	0.80	0.80
Kaolin	0.00	1.12	1.00
Common salt	0.08	0.08	0.11
Corn silage	60.00	60.00	60.00
Nutrients (% DM)
CP	12.20	12.30	12.20
EE	3.65	4.19	2.46
NDF	39.32	38.89	39.33
ADF	23.28	23.06	22.68
TDF	71.70	71.10	71.60
Phosphorus	0.28	0.27	0.26
Sodium	0.08	0.08	0.08

SO= diet with the inclusion of corn grain silage with 30% okara; SSG= diet with the inclusion of corn grain silage with 20% raw soybeans; CG= diet with dry corn grain.

Table 2 Bayesian estimates for dry matter intake (DMI), total and ruminal apparent digestibility of nutrients, total digestible nutrients (TDN), microbial synthesis efficiency (Mic. Syn.) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) of Holstein steers fed diets based on corn grain silage added with okara (SO), corn grain silage added with soybean grain (SSG) or diets based on dry corn grain (CG).

Variable	Diet
Variable	SO	SSG	CG
Intake
DMI (kg)	9.66 ± 3.84	9.11 ± 2.87	9.95 ± 4.7
DMI (g kg^-1 BW^0.75)	93.95 ± 23.60	89.97 ± 11.33	96.26 ± 14.15
Apparent ruminal digestibility (%)
DM	44.49 ± 2.25	46.79 ± 6.25	38.64 ± 6.37
OM	49.79 ± 2.03	51.86 ± 5.62	44.51 ± 5.85
NFC*	88.34 ± 6.70a	87.87 ± 5.29a	63.48 ± 9.42b
NDF	25.96 ± 7.82	32.35 ± 12.23	33.19 ± 4.38
Total apparent digestibility (%)
DM	65.83 ± 5.97	66.79 ± 2.65	61.44 ± 8.05
OM	67.93 ± 5.61	68.82 ± 2.51	63.81 ± 7.64
NFC	94.16 ± 0.68	97.32 ± 3.04	87.36 ± 12.13
NDF	37.44 ± 10.25	37.38 ± 2.33	35.89 ± 11.20
EE*	89.91 ± 8.23ab	91.02 ± 3.54a	73.34 ± 12.59b
CP	63.48 ± 8.25	62.60 ± 7.80	58.30± 12.30
TDN (%)	72.52 ± 5.82	74.57 ± 1.74	63.74 ±8.70
Mic. Syn. (g Nmic kg^-1 DOMR)	30.93 ± 13.60	30.59 ± 9.24	32.46± 21.01
BUN (mg dL^-1)	10.31 ± 2.31	8.67 ± 1.78	8.55 ± 2.27

^aDifferent letters, in the same row, indicate significantly different mean values by Bayesian comparisons, *p < 0.05; of a posteriori and populational mean estimated. Data are expressed in mean ± SD (standard deviation). DOMR = degraded organic matter in rumen.

Table 3 Mean Bayesian estimates (standard deviation) for the parameters of models (1) and for data of in situ degradability of dry matter and crude protein and effective degradability (ED) with passage rates of, respectively, 2, 5 and 8% of diets based on corn grain silage added with 30% okara (SO), corn grain silage added with 20% soybean grain (SSG) or diets based on dry corn grain (CG).

Parameters	Diet
Parameters	SO	SSG	CG
	Degradability of dry matter
a¹*	29.51 ± 4.54a	28.18 ± 3.45ª	15.91 ±1.34b
b²*	63.19 ± 4.69c	66.31 ± 3.83b	82.32 ±1.81a
c³*	0.27 ± 0.07a	0.14 ± 0.03b	0.05 ±0.01c
ED k=2%*	88.16 ± 2.16a	86.05 ± 1.85b	74.14 ±0.81c
ED k=5%*	82.49 ± 1.76a	76.84 ± 1.51b	56.40 ±0.81c
ED k=8%*	77.86 ± 1.78a	70.19 ± 1.57b	46.94 ±0.81c
(² _e	55.51	40.56	11.19
	Degradability of crude protein
a*	45.88 ± 2.16b	46.79 ±2.38a	14.41 ± 3.53c
b*	52.31 ± 2.54b	51.32 ± 2.81c	82.98 ± 5.04ª
c*	0.076 ± 0.01a	0.070 ± 0.01b	0.073 ± 0.01ab
ED k=2%*	86.77 ± 1.07a	86.62 ± 1.18a	79.13 ± 2.30b
ED k=5%*	76.72 ± 1.15a	76.65 ± 1.28a	63.18 ± 1.89b
ED k=8%*	70.64 ± 1.21a	70.68 ± 1.34a	53.58 ± 1.93b
(² _e	25.75	31.71	63.76

^aDifferent letters, in the same row, indicate significantly different mean values by Bayesian comparisons comparisons *p < 0.05; Data are expressed in mean ± SD (standard deviation); ¹ a is the soluble fraction (%) of the material contained in the nylon bag (the curve intercept); ² b is the potentially degradable fraction (%) of the material contained in the nylon bag after time zero; ³ c is the constant fractional rate (%) of degradation of the potentially degradable fraction.

Table 4 Estimates of the critical points of the quadratic regressions fit for ruminal NH₃ and pH as a function of time (h) after feeding Holstein steers with diets based on corn grain silage added with 30% okara (SO), corn grain silage added with 20% soybean grain (SSG) or diets based on dry corn grain (CG), obtained by the Bayesian method for the diets evaluated.

Parameter	Diet
Parameter	SO	SSG	CG
Ruminal ammonia (NH₃)
NH_3max (mg dL^-1) *	15.07 ± 3.00	15.25 ± 5.45	15.03 ± 2.17
T_máx NH_3max (h) *	2.61 ± 3.61ab	2.45 ± 8.37b	2.66 ± 1.39a
Ruminal pH
pH_min *	6.01 ± 0.04c	6.02 ± 0.04b	6.03 ± 0.03a
T_min pH_min (h) *	4.13 ± 0.66a	3.88 ± 0.43b	3.54 ± 0.24c

^aDifferent letters, in the same row, indicate significantly different mean values by Bayesian comparisons *p < 0,05. Data are expressed in mean ± SD (standard deviation).

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Okara or soybean grain added to the rehydrated corn grain silage for cattle: digestibility, degradability and ruminal parameters

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[1] * Author for correspondence. E-mail: tamarattres@gmail.com