Effect of simulated acid rain on the survival, mortality, behaviour and morphology of African mud catfish <i>Clarias gariepinus</i> (Burchell, 1822)

Mustapha, Moshood Keke; Mohammed, Zainab Olayide

doi:10.4025/actascianimsci.v40i1.36900

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Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences

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AQUICULTURE • Acta Sci., Anim. Sci. 40 • 2018 • https://doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v40i1.36900 copy

Effect of simulated acid rain on the survival, mortality, behaviour and morphology of African mud catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822)

Efeito da chuva ácida simulada sobre a sobrevivência, mortalidade, comportamento e morfologia do peixe-gato de lama africana Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822)

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT.

This study simulated acidic habitat for different life stages of Clarias gariepinus to know the effect on survival, mortality, morphology and behaviour. The fish were exposed to pHs 3, 4, 5, 6 and 8.01 (control) for 35 days. 100% mortality was recorded for all the life stages in pH 3, and 80, 62 and 36% of mortality of fingerlings, juveniles and adults respectively were recorded in pH 4. In pH 5, 30, 26 and 12% mortalities of fingerlings, juveniles and adults respectively were recorded and at pH 6 mortalities of fingerlings, juveniles and adults were 12, 10 and 4% respectively. Control pH mortalities were 10, 6 and 2% for fingerlings, juveniles and adults respectively. Mortality was due to lack of oxygen uptake, stress and circulatory collapse. All these elicited the behavioural responses and morphological abnormalities like erratic swimming, gasping, dark body colouration and lethargy. The study showed that different life stages of C. gariepinus tolerate different acidic pH waters, with high mortalities of the fingerlings, juveniles and adults in pHs 3, pH 4 is sub-lethal to fingerlings, juveniles and adult, pH 5 sub-lethal to fingerlings and sub-optimal for juveniles, and pH 6 optimal for all life stages.

Keywords:
fingerlings; juveniles; adults; pH; stress; sulphur oxides.

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[1] *Author for correspondence. E-mail:moonstapha@yahoo.com

pH	Fingerling survival %	Fingerling mortality %	Juvenile survival %	Juvenile mortality %	Adult survival %	Adult mortality %
3	0^a	100^a	0^a	100^a	0^a	100^a
4	20^b	80^b	38^b	62^b	64^b	36^b
5	70^c	30^c	74^c	26^c	88^c	12^c
6	88^d	12^d	90^d	10^d	96^c	4^d
Control 8.01	90^d	10^d	94^d	6^d	98^c	2^d

Observations	pH 3	pH 4	pH 5	pH 6	Control
Morphological	None as mortality was recorded	Very dark body colouration, slimy mucous secretions on the gills and body surface; peeling and skin erosion, bleeding from the dorsal fins and bending of the caudal fin, some fins became disintegrated	Very dark body colouration, slimy mucous secretions on the gills and body surface; peeling and skin erosion, bleeding from the dorsal fins and bending of the caudal fin, some fins became disintegrated	Normal body colouration except some few dark patches, no morphological abnormalities observed.	Normal body colouration, no morphological abnormalities seen
Behavioural	None as mortality was recorded	Lethargy, they were confined to the bottom of the tanks and only moved when agitated with the movement being in one direction, feeding impaired	Lethargy, they were confined to the bottom of the tanks and only moved when agitated with the movement being in one direction, feeding impaired	Movement not impaired, they were seen on the surface of tanks, no abnormal behavioural activities observed	Normal movement and behavioural responses observed

Observations	pH 3	pH 4	pH 5	pH6	Control
Morphological	None as mortality was recorded	Very dark body colouration, slimy mucous secretions on the gills and body surface; peeling and skin erosion, bleeding from the dorsal fins and bending of the caudal fin, some fins became disintegrated	Very dark body colouration, slimy mucous secretions on the gills and body surface; peeling and skin erosion, bleeding from the dorsal fins and bending of the caudal fin, some fins became disintegrated	Normal body colouration except some few dark patches, no morphological abnormalities recorded.	Normal body colouration, no morphological abnormalities seen
Behavioural	None as mortality was recorded	Erratic swimming, accelerated operculum, gasping, barbells vibration and frequent coming to the surface, feeding impaired	Erratic swimming, accelerated operculum, gasping, barbells vibration and frequent coming to the surface, feeding impaired	No behvioural abnormalities observed.	Normal movement and behavioural responses observed

Observations	pH 3	pH 4	pH 5	pH 6	Control
Morphological	None as mortality was recorded	Very dark body colouration, slimy mucous secretions on the gills and body surface; peeling and skin erosion, bleeding from the dorsal fins and bending of the caudal fin, some fins became disintegrated	Very dark body colouration, slimy mucous secretions on the gills and body surface; peeling and skin erosion, bleeding from the dorsal fins and bending of the caudal fin, some fins became disintegrated	Normal body colouration, no morphological abnormalities recorded.	Normal body colouration, no morphological abnormalities seen
Behavioural	None as mortality was recorded	Erratic swimming, accelerated operculum, gasping, barbells vibration and frequent coming to the surface, feeding impaired	Erratic swimming, accelerated operculum, gasping, barbells vibration and frequent coming to the surface, feeding impaired	No behvioural abnormalities observed.	Normal movement and behavioural responses observed