Haematococcus pluvialis biomass as a replacement for fish meal in the diet of Macrobrachium amazonicum post-larvae (Heller, 1862)

The current study evaluates the effect of partial or total replacement of fish meal with Haematococcus pluvialis microalgae, cultivated in an NPK culture medium, on the growth performance of Macrobrachion amazonicum shrimp post-larvae. Four diets were formulated: control (without microalgae), 25, 50 and 100% H. pluvialis replacement. Only crude protein weight gain showed no interaction and was not selected for principal components analysis. The 25% fishmeal replacement in the diet was not effective, being similar to the control. However, the complete replacement of fishmeal with H. pluvialis promoted elevated survivability, length, weight and protein retention, making it the most relevant treatment for M. amazonicum post-larvae. Therefore, it is possible to completely replace fishmeal with the microalgae H. pluvialis in the diet of M. amazonicum shrimp, which improves growth performance.

Keywords:
growth performance; microalgae; feed treatments; shrimp feed

Authorship

Lucia Helena Sipaúba-Tavares ^** Author for correspondence. E-mail: lucia.sipauba@unesp.br

Centro de Aquicultura, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo D. Castellane, s/n, Bairro Rural, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil. Universidade Estadual PaulistaBrazilJaboticabal, São Paulo, BrazilCentro de Aquicultura, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo D. Castellane, s/n, Bairro Rural, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2241-0241

Mayara Galatti Tedesque

Rodrigo Ney Millan

Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Biológicas, Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais, Frutal, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Universidade do Estado de Minas GeraisBrazilFrutal, Minas Gerais, BrazilDepartamento de Ciências Agrárias e Biológicas, Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais, Frutal, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

João Batista Kochenborger Fernandes

Bruno Scardoeli-Truzzi

* Author for correspondence. E-mail: lucia.sipauba@unesp.br

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (1)
Tables (4)

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Figure 1
Results of the principal component analysis (PCA) for biological index of Macrobrachium amazonicum where: Control, T100, T50 and T25% = levels of Haematococcus pluvilais in feed treatments; SGR = specific growth rate; SR = survival rate; WG = weight gain; LG = length gain; FCR = feed conversion ratio; FC = food consumption; PER = protein efficiency ratio; PRE = protein retention efficiency.

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Table 1
Ingredients, formulation and proximate composition of experimental diet with 0% (control), 25, 50, and 100% substitution of fishmeal by Haematococcus pluvialis meal.

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Table 2
Amino acids profile and biological data of Haematococcus pluvialis microalgae cultured in inorganic fertilizer (NPK, 10:10:10) medium.

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Table 3
Macrobrachium amazonicum growth performance with feed diet featuring 0% (control), 25, 50, and 100% substitution of Haematococcus pluvialis meal.

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Table 4
Water variables of each tank of Macrobrachium amazonicum with feed diet featuring 0% (control), 25, 50, and 100% substitution of Haematococcus pluvialis meal. Data are expressed as means ± standard deviation. Values in the same row with different superscript are significantly different (p < 0 .05).

Figure 1 Results of the principal component analysis (PCA) for biological index of Macrobrachium amazonicum where: Control, T100, T50 and T25% = levels of Haematococcus pluvilais in feed treatments; SGR = specific growth rate; SR = survival rate; WG = weight gain; LG = length gain; FCR = feed conversion ratio; FC = food consumption; PER = protein efficiency ratio; PRE = protein retention efficiency.

Table 1 Ingredients, formulation and proximate composition of experimental diet with 0% (control), 25, 50, and 100% substitution of fishmeal by Haematococcus pluvialis meal.

Ingredients (g kg^-1)	Microalgae Treatments
Ingredients (g kg^-1)	Control	25%	50%	100%
Microalgae^a	0	5	10	20
Fish meal^b	20	15	10	0
Soybean meal^b	30	28	27.5	30
Meat and bone meal	6.4	6.4	7.5	10
Corn^b	15.8	13.8	10.5	0.23
Wheat flour^b	16.8	16.8	16.8	16.8
Poultry by-product meal^b	5	8.5	10.2	11.5
Rice bran^b	1	1	1	1
Cellulose	1.1	1.2	1.5	1.8
Lysine	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.6
Methionine	0.2	0.25	0.25	0.5
Threonine	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.8
Soybean oil^b	1.7	1.7	1.7	2.6
Dicalcium phosphate	0	0.3	1	3
Salt	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5
Mineral-vitamin mix^c	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5
Antifungal (Phylax^®)	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.15
BHT^d	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.02
Proximate composition^e
Dry matter (%)	94.09	94.01	93.44	94.23
Crude protein (%)	35.03	35.45	34.82	35.71
Ether extract (%)	6.67	7.35	7.08	7.39
Total ash (%)	11.97	11.85	11.39	10.49
Gross energy (kcal kg^-1)	3,936.06	3,955.77	3,880.41	3,971.39

a Microalgae obtained locally. Biochemical composition of Haematococcus pluvialis: 34.1% protein; 4.1% lipid; b Fish meal, soybean meal, corn, wheat flour, poultry by-product meal, rice bran, soybean oil obtained locally. The proximate composition of ingredients were fish meal: protein = 541.4; ether extract = 105.7; crude energy (kcal kg^-1) = 4,074; soybean meal: protein = 452.7; ether extract = 18.4; nitrogen-free extract = 292.6; crude energy (kcal kg^-1) = 4,167; corn: protein = 77.9; ether extract = 48.1; nitrogen-free extract = 726.3; crude energy (kcal kg^-1) = 4,003; wheat flour: protein = 157.0; ether extract = 40.4; nitrogen-free extract = 571.0; crude energy (kcal kg^-1) = 4,093; poultry by product meal: protein = 635.1; ether extract = 137.9; crude energy (kcal kg^-1) = 4,834; rice bran: protein = 116.8; ether extract = 157.2; nitrogen-free extract = 421.2; crude energy (kcal kg^-1) = 4,471; soybean oil: ether extract = 1000.0; crude energy (kcal kg^-1) = 9,329; c Each 1% contains: folic acid (1 mg); pantothenic acid (20 mg); antioxidant (125 mg); choline (150 mg); copper (10 mg); iron (100 mg); iodine (5 mg); manganese (70 mg); selenium (0.15 mg); vitamin A (3,000 IU kg^-1); vitamin B (16 mg); vitamin B12 (20 mg); vitamin B2 (8 mg); vitamin B6 (3 mg); vitamin C (350 mg); vitamin D3 (3000 IU kg^-1); vitamin E (200 IU kg^-1); vitamin K (6 mg); zinc (150 mg); niacin (100 mg); biotin (0.10 mg); d BHT: butyl-hydroxytoluene or butylated hydroxytoluene, is a lipophilic organic compound with antioxidant properties; e Chemical composition was calculated by analyzing all ingredients prior to use in experimental diets, and the data obtained were used as basis for feed formulation (crude protein; % ash; % dry matter and % ether extract) (AOAC, 2012Association of Official Analytical Chemists [AOAC]. (2012). Fatty acids in oils and fats. Preparation of methyl esters. Boron trifluoride method (19th ed.). Gaithersburg, MD: AOAC.). Gross energy: calculated by oxygen bomb colorimeter.

Table 2 Amino acids profile and biological data of Haematococcus pluvialis microalgae cultured in inorganic fertilizer (NPK, 10:10:10) medium.

Amino Acids	g 100g^-1 dry biomass
Alanine	2.7 ± 0.02
Arginine	2.9 ± 0.01
Glutamic acid	3.2 ± 0.02
Histidine	0.6 ± 0.01
Leucine	3.4 ± 0.06
Lysine	2.1 ± 0.04
Methionine	0.6 ± 0.00
Proline	1.8 ± 0.04
Serine	1.5 ± 0.00
Threonine	1.6 ± 0.01
Tyrosine	1.2 ± 0.12
Valine	2.1 ± 0.13
Biological Data
Chlorophyll-a (mg L^-1)	0.74 ± 0.5
Total organic carbon (pg cell^-1)	1,148 ± 541
Total length (µm)	22 ± 3
Cell volume (µm³)	6,051 ± 2,685
Protein (% DW)*	31.6 ± 5
Lipids (% DW)*	6 ± 2

*DW = dry weight.

Table 3 Macrobrachium amazonicum growth performance with feed diet featuring 0% (control), 25, 50, and 100% substitution of Haematococcus pluvialis meal.

Growth Parameters	Microalgae Treatments
Growth Parameters	Control	25%	50%	100%
Weight gain (mg)	42.1 ± 6	43.4 ± 9	47.1 ± 8	52.8 ± 3
Length gain (mm)	7.5 ± 0.9	8.0 ± 1.4	8.6 ± 0.8	9.9 ± 0.6
Specific growth rate (%)	5.4 ± 0.4	5.4 ± 0.5	5.7 ± 0.5	6.0 ± 0.2
Feed conversion ratio (g g^-1)	4.0 ± 0.8	3.9 ± 0.9	3.4 ± 0.6	2.7 ± 0.2
Food consumption (mg ind^-1)	167 ± 17.7	165 ± 17.2	160 ± 9.9	144 ± 14
Protein efficiency ratio	2.4 ± 0.3	2.4 ± 0.5	2.7 ± 0.5	3.0 ± 0.2
Protein retention efficiency (%)	53 ± 9	56 ± 5	61 ± 10	68 ± 3
Crude protein on weight gain (%)	11.9 ± 0.7	12.3 ± 0.5	11.8 ± 1.2	11.9 ± 0.3
Survival rate (%)	75.4 ± 7	76.5 ± 8	78.3 ± 5	87.1 ± 8

Table 4 Water variables of each tank of Macrobrachium amazonicum with feed diet featuring 0% (control), 25, 50, and 100% substitution of Haematococcus pluvialis meal. Data are expressed as means ± standard deviation. Values in the same row with different superscript are significantly different (p < 0 .05).

Water Variables	Microalgae Treatments
Water Variables	Control	25%	50%	100%
Dissolved oxygen (mg L^-1)	7.2 ± 0.02^a	7.2 ± 0.05^a	7.2 ± 0.1^a	7.1 ± 0.1^a
Conductivity (µS cm^-1)	306 ± 15^a	305 ± 13^a	309 ± 10^a	301 ± 27^a
pH	8.4 ± 0.06^a	8.5 ± 0.01^a	8.4 ± 0.04^a	8.3 ± 0.2^a
Total inorganic nitrogen (µg L^-1)	26.6 ± 15.2 ^a	41.7 ± 21.2 ^a	50.4 ± 9.4 ^a	48.3 ± 25.9 ^a
Total phosphorous (µg L^-1)	124 ± 35.6 ^c	112 ± 15.1 ^c	184 ± 22.2 ^b	241 ± 20.7 ^a

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Haematococcus pluvialis biomass as a replacement for fish meal in the diet of Macrobrachium amazonicum post-larvae (Heller, 1862)

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[1] * Author for correspondence. E-mail: lucia.sipauba@unesp.br