Energy and nutrient digestibility from mulberry (<i>Morus alba</i>) leaf meal for Nile tilapia

The aim of this study was to determine the apparent digestibility coefficients and digestible values of crude protein, ethereal extract, gross energy and dry matter of mulberry leaf meal (MLM) (Morus alba L.) as Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) feed. A total of 135 Nile tilapia juveniles were used, and the indirect methodology (Cr₂O₃) was applied for digestibility determinations. Mulberry leave meal presented good apparent digestible coefficients of protein, ethereal extract and energy with respective values of 0.94, 0.58 and 0.39. The mulberry leave meal thus comprises adequate digestible protein and digestible energy values, similar or better than other leafy foods, presenting potential for inclusion in Nile tilapia diets.

Keywords:
fish farming; alternative food; fish meal free; fish nutrition

Authorship

Patrícia da Silva Dias

Universidade Federal do Paraná - Setor Palotina, Rua Pioneiro, 2153, 85950-000, Palotina, Paraná, Brazil. Universidade Federal do ParanáBrazilPalotina, Paraná, BrazilUniversidade Federal do Paraná - Setor Palotina, Rua Pioneiro, 2153, 85950-000, Palotina, Paraná, Brazil.

Hanna Karolyna dos Santos

Rafael Ernesto Balen

Izabel Volkweis Zadinelo ^** Author for correspondence. E-mail: izabelzadinelo@gmail.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4025-174X

Fábio Meurer

* Author for correspondence. E-mail: izabelzadinelo@gmail.com

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Tables

Tables (5)

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Table 1
Diets used for determining the apparent digestibility of mulberry leaf meal to Nile tilapia.

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Table 2
Chemical composition of feeds used to determine the apparent digestibility of mulberry leaf meal to Nile tilapia.

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Table 3
Mulberry leaf (Morus Alba L.) composition values found in literature.

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Table 4
Apparent digestible coefficients and digestible values of dry matter, protein, ether extract and energy of mulberry leaf meal.

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Table 5
Amino acid composition (%) of mulberry leaf and soybean meal.

Table 1 Diets used for determining the apparent digestibility of mulberry leaf meal to Nile tilapia.

Ingredients (%)	Reference diet	Test diet
Soybean meal	60.43	42.30
Corn	31.36	21.95
Butylated hydroxytoluene	0.01	0.01
Dicalcium phosphate	3.07	2.15
Limestone	0.09	0.06
Soybean Meal	3.32	2.32
Mineral and vitamin Supplement¹	1.00	1.00
NaCl	0.50	0.50
Cr₂O₃	0.10	0.10
Mulberry leaf meal	0.00	29.52
Total	100.00	100.00

¹ Supremais.

Table 2 Chemical composition of feeds used to determine the apparent digestibility of mulberry leaf meal to Nile tilapia.

Chemical composition	Soybean meal	Corn	Mulberry leaf meal
Crude protein (%)	48.30	8.95	24.45
Gross energy (Kcal kg^-1)	-	-	3.985
Dry matter (%)	93.42	92.67	75.73
Ash (%)	6.41	1.16	11.31
Ethereal extract (%)	2.32	4.12	2.15

Table 3 Mulberry leaf (Morus Alba L.) composition values found in literature.

Reference	CP	GE	EE	DM	AH
Miranda et al. (2002Miranda, J. E., Bonacin, G. A., & Takahashi, R. (2002). Produção e qualidade de folhas de amoreira em função da época do ano e de colheita. Scientia Agricola, 59(3), 499-504. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-90162002000300014 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/... )	25.13	--	--	--	--
Magalhães et al. (2003Magalhães, L. J., Carneiro, J. C., Campos, D. S., Maurício, R. M., Alvim, M. J., & Xavier, D. F. (2003). Composição química, digestibilidade e fracionamento do nitrogênio e dos carboidratos de algumas espécies forrageiras. Pasturas Tropicales, 25(1), 33-37.)	14.8	--	--	43.6	12.8
Okamoto & Rodella (2006Okamoto, F., & Rodella, R. A. (2006). Características morfo-anatômicas e bromatológicas de folhas de amoreira em relação às preferências do bicho-da-seda. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, 41(2), 195-203. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-204X2006000200003 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/... )	21.62	--	--	26.43	8.06
Vu et al. (2011Vu, C. C., Verstegen, M. W. A., Hendriks, W. H., & Pham, K. C. (2011). The nutritive value of mulberry leaves (Morus alba) and partial replacement of cotten seed in rations on the performance of growing vietnamese cattle. Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Science, 24(9), 1233-1242. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2011.90328 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5713/... )	22.3	--	3.5	19.8	13.6
Al-Kirshi et al. (2013Al-Kirshi, R. A., Alimon, A., Zulkifli, I., Atefeh, S., Zahari, M. W., & Ivan, M. (2013). Nutrient digestibility of mulberry leaves (Morus alba). Italian Journal of Animal Science, 12(2), 219-221. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4081/ijas.2013.e36 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4081/... )	29.80	4,203	5.57	89.25	11.81
Wang et al. (2017Wang, C., Yang, F., Wang, Q., Zhou, X., Xie, M., Kang, P., … Peng, X. (2017). Nutritive value of mulberry leaf meal and its effect on the performance of 35-70-day-old geese. The Journal of Poultry Science, 54(1), 41-46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2141/jpsa.0160070 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2141/... )	18.81	4,940	11,65	--	--
Author data	24.45	3,985	2.15	94.81	11.31

CP: Crude protein (%); GE: gross energy (Kcal kg^-1); EE: ethereal extract (%); DM: dry matter (%); AH: Ash (%)

Table 4 Apparent digestible coefficients and digestible values of dry matter, protein, ether extract and energy of mulberry leaf meal.

Nutrient and Energy digestibility coefficient
Dry matter	Protein	Ethereal extract	Energy
0.40	0.94	0.58	0.39
Digestible values
Digestible protein		Digestible ether extract	Digestible energy
22.94 %		1.25%	1,569 Kcal kg^-1

Table 5 Amino acid composition (%) of mulberry leaf and soybean meal.

	Mulberry leaf			Soybean meal
	Al-Kirshi, Alimon, Zulkifli, Zahari, & Sazili (2009Al-Kirshi, R. A., Alimon, A., Zulkifli, I., Zahari, M. W., & Sazili, A. Q. (2009). The chemical composition and nutritive value of mulberry leaf as a protein source in poultry diets. In Proceedings of 1st International Seminar on Animal Industry (p. 81-85). Bogor, ID. )	Astuti et al. (2012Astuti, D., Becker, K., & Richter, N. (2012). Energy and protein balance of Nile tilapia fed with moringa and mulberry leaves. Masyarakat Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia, 15(1), 71-79. )	Wang et al. (2017Wang, C., Yang, F., Wang, Q., Zhou, X., Xie, M., Kang, P., … Peng, X. (2017). Nutritive value of mulberry leaf meal and its effect on the performance of 35-70-day-old geese. The Journal of Poultry Science, 54(1), 41-46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2141/jpsa.0160070 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2141/... )	Rostagno et al. (2017Rostagno, H. S., Albino, L. F. T., Hannas, M. I., Donzele, J. L., Sakomura, N. K., Perazzo, F. G. ... & Brito, C. O. (2017). Tabelas brasileiras para aves e suínos: composição de alimentos e exigências nutricionais. Viçosa, MG: UFV. )
Dry matter	89.30	90.3	100.0	88.1
Crude protein	29.80	29.58	18.81	44.4
Lysine	1.88	1.84	1.11	2.74
Methionine	0.52	--	0.36	0.59
Tryptophan	0.27	0.54	0.26	0.63
Arginine	1.80	1.86	0.89	3.23
Histidine	0.69	0.92	0.35	1.17
Isoleucine	1.43	1.22	0.74	2.08
Leucine	2.58	2.46	1.45	3.43
Phenylalanine	1.94	--	0.92	2.29
Threonine	1.31	1.39	0.79	1.74
Valine	1.76	1.47	0.62	2.17
Alanine	1.54	--	1.09	1.99
Aspartate	3.06	--	1.77	3.14
Cysteine	0.30	--	0.30	0.66
Glycine	1.57	--	0.99	1.93
Glutamate	3.33	--	1.92	4.34
Proline	1.30	--	0.88	2.26
Serina	1.22	--	0.80	2.41
Tyrosine	0.82	--	0.62	1.62

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Energy and nutrient digestibility from mulberry (<i>Morus alba</i>) leaf meal for Nile tilapia

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[1] * Author for correspondence. E-mail: izabelzadinelo@gmail.com