The effect of various heat-treatment methods on colostrum quality, health and performance of dairy calves

Hesami, Saeid; Shahraki, Amir-Davar Foroozandeh; Zakian, Amir; Ghalamkari, Gholamreza

doi:10.4025/actascianimsci.v43i1.498

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RUMINANT NUTRITION • Acta Sci., Anim. Sci. 43 • 2021 • https://doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v43i1.498 copy

The effect of various heat-treatment methods on colostrum quality, health and performance of dairy calves

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT.

To investigate the effect of feeding heat-treated colostrum at different duration on the health and performance, 48 Holstein calves were enrolled randomly into four treatment groups before first feeding and consumed untreated colostrum (H0, n = 12), heat-treated colostrum at 60ºC for 30 min. (H30, n = 12), heat-treated colostrum at 60ºC for 60 min. (H60, n = 12) and heat-treated colostrum at 60ºC for 90 min. (H90, n = 12). Blood samples were collected for analyses of IgG and protein profile at 0, 6, and 24h of age. The colostrum sample from treated and untreated batches and feces sample from each calf also were taken. The results showed heat-treatment of colostrum at 60ºC for 60 (p = 0.03) and 90 min. (p = 0.01) reduced total bacterial count, while colostral IgG concentration maintained up to 60 min. Serum total protein (p = 0.02), IgG concentrations (p = 0.03), and apparent efficiency of IgG absorption (p = 0.02) were significantly greater at 6 and 24h in calves that were fed heat-treated colostrum (H90) compared to calves fed unheated colostrum (H0). General health status of calves that were received heat-treated colostrum was better and the prevalence of diarrhea-induced pathogens was lower than calves were fed unheated colostrum. In conclusion, the consumption of heat-treated colostrum had a positive effect on health, growth characteristics, and performance of calves during the suckling period.

Keywords:
IgG; growth; health; Holstein calf; heat-treating; suckling period

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[1] * Author for correspondence. E-mail: ad_foroozandeh@yahoo.com

Ingredients	(% DM)
Corn Grain, ground, dry	39
Barley Grain, ground	15
Wheat grain, ground	5
Soybean, Meal, solv.44%CP	26
Soybean, Seed, whole roasted	5
Canola Meal, mech. Extract	3
Molasses Beet	3
Calcium Carbonate	0.8
Sodium Bicarbonate	0.7
Salt	0.5
Mineral supplement¹	1
Vitamin premix²	1
Chemical Analysis
DM (% as fed)	90
Energy (Mcal Kg^-1)	2.95
NEg (Mcal Kg^-1)	1.35
Crude Protein (%)	20.7
EE (%)	4
Ash (%)	6.7
NDF (% DM)	13.2
ADF (% DM) NFC* (%)	6.93 55.4

	Treatment
Colostrum composition	H0	H30	H60	H90
Volume (L)	60 (3 × 20L)	60 (3 × 20L)	60 (3 × 20L)	60 (3 × 20L)
IgG (g L^-1)	67.63 ± 0.08^a	66.17 ± 0.08^a	63.07 ± 0.2^a	59.53 ± 0.09^b
Loss of IgG (%)	-	2.16 ± 0.62^a	6.74 ± 0.78^a	11.98 ± 1.03^b
Fat (%)	4.15 ± 0.003	4.14 ± 0.005	4.16 ± 0.006	4.18 ± 0.003
Protein (%)	17 ± 0.06	17 ± 0.1	17.03 ± 0.07	17 ± 0.1
Fat:Pro	0.24 ± 0.001	0.24 ± 0.003	0.24 ± 0.003	0.24 ± 0.003
pH	6.77 ± 0.003	6.78 ± 0.002	6.78 ± 0.006	6.79 ± 0.003
Total palate count (log₁₀ Cfu mL^-1)	6.24 ± 0.05^a	5.08 ± 0.1^a	3.16 ± 0.07^b	2.36 ± 0.03^b
Total palate count decrement (%)	-	18.59 ± 0.66^a	49.36 ± 0.9^b	62.18 ± 0.11^b
Total coliform count (log₁₀ Cfu mL^-1)	5.89 ± 0.03^a	4.35 ± 0.23^a	3.2 ± 0.2^b	2.2 ± 0.1^b
Total coliform count decrement (%)	-	26.15 ± 0.54^a	45.67 ± 1.2^b	62.65 ± 1.03^b
Salmonella enteritidis	G	G	ND	ND
E. Coli	G	ND	ND	ND
Campylobacter Spp	G	G	ND	ND

Infective agents	Day 3 (N = 48)				Day 7 (N = 48)				Day 14 (N = 47)
	Treatment
	H0	H30	H60	H90	H0	H30	H60	H90	H0	H30	H60	H90
C. Parvum (%)	2 (16.66%)	1 (8.33%)	-	-	5 (41.66%)	1 (8.33%)	1 (8.33%)	-	6 (50%)	3 (25%)	1 (8.33%)	1 (8.33%)
Coronavirus	2 (16.66%)	2 (16.66)	2 (16.66%)	-	3 (25%)	3 (25%)	2 (16.66%)	1 (8.33%)	4 (33.33%)	3 (25%)	1 (8.33%)	-
Rotavirus	3 (25%)	3 (25%)	1 (8.33%)	-	4 (33.33%)	2 (16.66%)	1 (8.33%)	-	6 (50%)	2 ( 16.66%)	1 (8.33%)	-
E. coli K99	3 (25%)	3 (25%)	2 (16.66%)	-	1 (8.33%)	2 (16.66%)	-	-	1 (8.33%)	1 (8.33%)	-	-
Total infected	10 (20.83%)	9 (19.15%)	5 (10.42%)	-	13 (27.08%)	8 (17.02%)	4 (8.33%)	1 (4.8%)	17 (35.42%)	9 (19.15%)	3 (6.25%)	1 (4.8%)
TAB count (log₁₀ cfu mL^-1)	-	-	-	-	8.50^a ± 0.36	7.21^b ± 0.39	6.35^bc ± 0.39	5.97^c ± 0.36	9.05^a ± 0.41	7.13^b ± 0.38	7.27^b ± 0.38	7.10^b ± 0.41

Parameters/Time	Treatment
Parameters/Time	H0	H30	H60	H90
Albumin (mg dL^-1)
0	1.49^b ± 0.056	1.46^b ± 0.054	1.43^b ± 0.047	1.3^a ± 0.073
6	1.65^c ± 0.035	1.75^b ± 0.037	1.81^b ± 0.035	1.96^a ± 0.035
24	2.12^b ± 0.065	2.16^b ± 0.068	2.20^b ± 0.065	2.55^a ± 0.065
Globulin (mg dL^-1)
0	2.9^bc ± 0.1	3.03^ab ± 0.096	2.83^c ± 0.11	2.92^bc ± 0.11
6	3.17 ± 0.051	3.19 ± 0.053	3.22 ± 0.051	3.10 ± 0.051
24	3.09 ± 0.068	3.14 ± 0.072	3.13 ± 0.069	3.08 ± 0.068
A:G (%)
0	0.52 ± 0.024	0.5 ± 0.027	0.52 ± 0.033	0.46 ± 0.043
6	0.53^b ± 0.016	0.54^b ± 0.018	0.57^b ± 0.016	0.64^a ± 0.016
24	0.71^b ± 0.037	0.69^b ± 0.039	0.71^b ± 0.037	0.83^a ± 0.037
STP (mg dL^-1)
0	4.3 ± 0.077	4.51 ± 0.084	4.27 ± 0.093	4.23 ± 0.075
6	4.83^b ± 0.038	4.84^b ± 0.042	5.07^a ± 0.038	5.15^a ± 0.038
24	5.21^c ± 0.043	5.28^bc ± 0.047	5.33^b ± 0.043	5.65^a ± 0.043
IgG (g L^-1)
0	0.008 ± 0.008	0.088 ± 0.07	0	0.12 ± 0.05
6	8.67^b ± 0.49	9.63^ab ± 0.52	9.68^ab ± 0.49	10.1^a ± 0.49
24	13.7^c ± 0.59	15.2^bc ± 0.62	16.2^b ± 0.59	18.1^a ± 0.59
AEA (%)
6	16.36^c±1.13	18.61^b±0.84	19.85^b±1.06	22.06^a±0.9
24	16.19^b±0.73	17.9^b±0.96	19.99^c±0.84	23.32^a±0.57
FPTI (n)
6	8 (66.6%)	6 (54.5%)	7 (58.3%)	6 (50%)
24	1 (12%)	-	-	-