Gestión municipal de residuos de la construcción civil: influencia de la tasa de cobro para la disposición final en vertederos

Rosado, Laís Peixoto; Penteado, Carmenlucia Santos Giordano

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Original Article • Ambient. soc. 23 • 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-4422asoc20200032r1vu2020L6AO copiar

Gestión municipal de residuos de la construcción civil: influencia de la tasa de cobro para la disposición final en vertederos

Autoría SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Resumen

Los instrumentos económicos fiscales son uno de los principales mecanismos para promover la mejora de la gestión de los residuos de la construcción civil (RCC), siendo la tasa de cobro para la disposición final en vertederos una de las prácticas más efectivas. Este trabajo analizó la influencia del aumento de la tasa para la disposición de los RCC en vertederos, considerando un sistema municipal de gestión. El perfil ambiental del escenario actual y de los escenarios propuestos, proyectados de acuerdo con la adopción de instrumentos económicos fiscales, fueron determinados por medio del análisis del ciclo de vida. Los resultados indicaron que el escenario propuesto para 2030 (aumento del 350% en la tasa de disposición del vertedero en relación a 2017) presenta los menores impactos ambientales, indicando los beneficios potenciales del uso de instrumentos fiscales.

Palabras-clave:
Residuos de la construcción civil; gestión; instrumentos económicos; análisis del ciclo de vida

Main measures	Main specific measures
1 - Tax incentives and reductions	• Reduction in taxes paid by producers of recycled aggregates; • Reduction in taxes on equipment used in waste management.
2 - Focus on the Project stage	• Deconstruction plan as part of the project; • Increased attention to the project stage instead of the construction in practice.
3 - Extension of the sustainable design assessment system	• Allocation of points for the use of a pre-assembled/modular system in large projects; • Attribution of more points for the use of tools that minimize waste, such as BREEAM (Environmental Assessment Method of the Building Research Establishment).
4 - Increased severity of existing legal instruments	• Integration of the management of C&DW in the evaluation of construction companies; • Requirement of the assignment of C&DW management at the construction site to an employee with no other functions; • Requirement of the use of a fraction of recycled materials in all projects.
5 - Increased severity of fiscal instruments	• Increase in the disposal fee and use of surplus rates as incentives; • Increase in the disposal fee for mixed waste and reduction in the disposal fee for sorted waste; • Increase in the tax on natural aggregates and introduction of a tax on the disposal of reusable materials in landfills.
6 - Promotion of waste prevention	• Improvement in the information on the quality, availability and benefits of recycled materials; • Development of a market structure and facilitation of access to recycled materials.

Fees	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017
Up to 1 m³ C&DW (R$/m³)	5.60	5.88	Exempt from paying the disposal fee
Over 1 m³ C&DW (R$/m³)	8.00	8.39	9.69	10.32	12.00	14.00	15.00
Contaminated C&DW (R$/m³)	-	-	-	-	89.87	97.81	110.00
Fine for irregular disposal	200 UFESP
UFESP (R$)	17.45	18.44	19.37	20.14	21.25	23.55	25.07

Information	Current scenario				Proposed scenario
Information	2017	2020	2025	2030	2020	2025	2030
C&DW disposal in the inert landfill (%)	100	100	100	100	90	70	60
C&DW produced by large generators and disposed of in the inert landfill (t)	77,708	82,668	84,586	85,739	74,401	59,210	51,443
C&DW disposal fee (above 1m³) - large generators (R$/t)	15.00	21.00	31.00	41.00	37.50	52.50	67.50
Contaminated C&DW disposal fee (R$/t)	110.00	116.00	126.00	135.00	116.00	126.00	135.00
C&DW produced by small generators and disposed of in the inert landfill (t)	51,805	55,112	56,391	57,159	55,112	56,391	57,159
C&DW disposal fee (up to 1m³) - small generators (R$/t)	Exempt from paying disposal fees
C&DW collected in public areas - irregular disposal (t)	9,748	10,371	10,611	10,756	10,371	10,611	10,756
Fine for irregular disposal (UFESP)	200	300	400	500	300	400	500
Percentage of C&DW recycled (%)	0	0	0	0	10	30	40
C&DW recycled (t)	0	0	0	0	8,267	25,376	34,296
Recycling cost (R$/t)	-	-	-	-	30.00	40.00	50.00

ANPPAS - Revista Ambiente e Sociedade Anppas / Revista Ambiente e Sociedade - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
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[1] Laís Peixoto Rosado ✉ laispr@gmail.com