FIRES IN BRAZILIAN AMAZON: WHY DOES POLICY HAVE A LIMITED IMPACT?1

FONSECA-MORELLO, THIAGO; RAMOS, ROSSANO; STEIL, LARA; PARRY, LUKE; BARLOW, JOS; MARKUSSON, NILS; FERREIRA, AMANDA

doi:10.1590/1809-4422asoc0232r1v2042017

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Articles • Ambient. soc. 20 (04) • Oct-Dec 2017 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-4422asoc0232r1v2042017 copy

FIRES IN BRAZILIAN AMAZON: WHY DOES POLICY HAVE A LIMITED IMPACT?¹ 1 . This research was funded by the Darwin Initiative (Defra, UK, project EIDPS039), conducted from July 2014 to September 2015.

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Abstract

The paper identifies the key factors limiting the effectiveness of current public policies to reduce Brazilian Amazon fires. Among them, (i) the dominant allocation of budget to fire suppression in detriment of prevention, (ii) the geographical limitation of the federal action and the reduced policy making capacity of states and municipalities, (iii) institutional insufficiencies and transaction costs related with fire use licensing, (iv) limited access to credit, market, labor and rural extension, constraints that block the diffusion of fire-free agriculture. It is recommended that policies be restructured to account for their cost and benefit and to include fire-dependent communities in their design and implementation. Progress in complementary socioeconomic policies is also needed.

Keywords:
public policy; Amazon; fire

Share measure / Product	Annuals except cassava	Cassava	Perennials and animals	Cassava flour	Other agro-industrial
Municipalities in AML’s total value of the product	4%	20%	12%	50%	19%
Product in the total value of municipalities	27%	21%	25%	23%	4%

Agricultural system	Research and Development Bulletin accumulated count, 2000-2014 a	Scientific articles, 2000-2014 b
Agroforestry ^c	19 (19%)	878 (27%)
Soybean ^d	98 (100%)	3240 (100%)
Silvipastoral e	6 (6%)	270 (8%)

Policy	Instrument	Entry point explored	Institutional insufficiencies	Bottlenecks
Prevention and control of forest fires	Fire brigades	Externalities: damages of accidental fires	Lack of committees and situation rooms in some states, geographical limitations of Prevfogo, ICMBio, INCRA and FUNAI	Insufficient budget to hire personnel
	Licensing and monitoring of fires	Underlying causes: economic return	State and municipal lack of capacity to licence and monitor	Transaction costs and strategic unattractiveness of licences
	Support to communities in fire control: government and third-sector	Externalities: risk of accidental fires	Insufficient funding and focus on information dissemination	Limited access to labor* and credit
	Support to communities in fire-free agriculture: government and third-sector	Underlying causes: economic return	Insufficient funding and focus on information dissemination	Limited access to rural extension, labor* and credit, remoteness*
Prevention and control of deforestation	Licencing and monitoring of deforestation	Underlying causes: economic return of deforestation fires	Not investigated	Remoteness*
Research, development and diffusion of fire-free agriculture	Promotion of fire-free agriculture: agroforestry (EMBRAPA, EMATER and private/third sectors)	Underlying causes: economic return	Limited investment in R&D and absence of methodology for AFS funding	Learning cost, limited access to rural extension, labor* and credit, remoteness*
	Promotion of fire-free agriculture: mechanization	Underlying causes: economic return	Insufficient supply of tractors, lack of mechanization subsidy in some states and municipalities	Limited access to rural extension, inputs, remoteness, low investment capacity*

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[TFN1] Source: count of farms with agricultural fires and value of agroindustrial production, including cassava flour: IBGE (2010); Value of agricultural production: PAM, IBGE (2015a) and PPM, IBGE (2015b).

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FIRES IN BRAZILIAN AMAZON: WHY DOES POLICY HAVE A LIMITED IMPACT?1 1 . This research was funded by the Darwin Initiative (Defra, UK, project EIDPS039), conducted from July 2014 to September 2015.

Abstract

FIRES IN BRAZILIAN AMAZON: WHY DOES POLICY HAVE A LIMITED IMPACT?¹ 1 . This research was funded by the Darwin Initiative (Defra, UK, project EIDPS039), conducted from July 2014 to September 2015.