EL COOPERATIVISMO EN COMUNIDADES FORESTALES DE LA AMAZONÍA: ¿QUÉ DICEN LOS NO MIEMBROS?

Sousa, Adria Marielen Paz; Pontes, Biane Silva; Silva, Maria Jociléia Soares da; Vieira, Thiago Almeida

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Original Article • Ambient. soc. 22 • 2019 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-4422asoc120r1vu19L4AO copiar

EL COOPERATIVISMO EN COMUNIDADES FORESTALES DE LA AMAZONÍA: ¿QUÉ DICEN LOS NO MIEMBROS?

Autoría SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Resumen

Floresta Nacional do Tapajós es una reserva en la región oeste del Pará y en 2005 fue fundada la Cooperativa Mista da Floresta Nacional do Tapajós, con objetivo principal de aplicar el manejo forestal a través de actividades comunitarias. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo identificar y evaluar el punto de vista de moradores no miembros sobre esa cooperativa, así como encontrar formas de proponer alternativas. Se utilizó Matriz de Fuerzas, Oportunidades, Flaquezas y Amenazas, entrevistas semiestructuradas, Matriz de Prioridades y Plan de Acción. Beneficios más importantes citados fueron: donación de madera, mantenimiento de carreteras y empleos para miembros. Problemas en el proceso de admisión relacionados con la burocracia y falta de transparencia en el proceso de selección de nuevos miembros deben ser superados. Plantas de mandioca y producción de harina; artesanía; turismo; establecimiento de sistemas agroforestales; producción de miel fueron las principales actividades productivas indicadas en el Plan de Acción.

Palabras claves:
Organización social; Unidad de Conservación; Desarrollo Rural; Amazonía

Communities	Total number of family residents	Number of non-member families	Number of interviewed non-member families
São Domingos	34	27	23
Maguari	74	54	30
Jamaraquá	26	21	12
Acaratinga	22	18	11
Jaguarari	31	27	23
Pedreira	51	37	26
Total	238	184	125

Strengths	F(%)	Opportunities	F(%)
Wood donation for the construction of community centers and schools	100%	Work offer for non-members of the cooperative.	100%
Maintenance of the community access road	100%	Admission of more members.	100%
Work and benefits for the members	100%	Construction of a school for community training.	33%
Community fund	50%	Partnership between the Cooperative and the University to train people of the community and technical training (forestry technician).	16%
Support for festivities, transportation and health care	33%	Recovery of degraded areas	16%
Capacity building for community persons	16%	Strengthening non-timber production	16%
		Youth capacity building	16%
		Sale of forest products in own store (Ecostore)	16%
		Inclusion of women in other sectors	16%
		Implementation of community projects	16%
		Creation of new cooperatives (organization of the community basis)	16%
Weaknesses	F(%)	Threats	F(%)
Lacking turnover of cooperative workers	100%	Poor management of the cooperative	33%
Difficulty in cooperation and lack of information about the functioning of the cooperative	50%	One-sided sale of a single product: wood	33%
Transparency in the selection process	33%	Actions carried out in an unplanned and unorganized manner (mainly with the communities)	33%
Lack of mobilization of non-members to attend assemblies	16%	Impacts on the fauna	16%
Little community education and training for jobs at Coomflona	16%	Deforestation without damage recovery	16%
Lack of opportunity for the illiterate	16%	Destruction of nature (flora, fauna, water, soil).	16%
Influence of the opinion of the non-cooperative community members on the directors of the Cooperative	16%	Limited forest management area	16%

General Plan of Action
What activity?		What are the difficulties?	How?	Who? (Partners)
1.	Flour production	Pests, few instructions of proper handling, lack of transport, low price, lack of sales opportunities, lack of technical assistance.	Find Technical Assistance.	EMATER¹, SEBRAE², SENAR³, EMBRAPA⁴, COOMFLONA⁵ and STTR Belterra ⁶
2.	Fruit tree planting (nance, açaí palm, coconut, yellow mombin, passion fruit, guava, barbados cherry, banana, cashew, orange, cupuassu)	Purchase of seedlings, technical assistance (determine spacing and arrangement).	Find Technical Assistance and partners for seedling purchase or production.	EMATER, EMBRAPA and COOMFLONA
3.	Free-range poultry farming	Diseases and lack of technical guidance.for farming.	Find Technical Assistance.	EMATER, EMBRAPA and ADEPARÁ⁷
4.	Honey production	Lack of wood for the manufacture of boxes and of technical guidance.	Find technical assistance and get wood for the apiary.	EMBRAPA, EMATER and COOMFLONA
5.	Fish farming	Licensing, determination of location and fish species.	Identification of partners, find technical guidance and install floating net cages.	UFOPA⁸, EMATER and COOMFLONA
6.	Handicraft (baskets, brooms, furniture)	Training, promotion of the product and outlet location.	Organize craft courses and workshops.	UnB⁹, SEBRAE, EMATER, UFOPA and INPA¹⁰
7.	Tourism	Lack of equipment and training.	Raise community awareness; implement training (English, tour guide, tourist reception, and first aid courses).	UFOPA, ICMBio¹¹, SEBRAE, COOMFLONA and Secretaria Municipal de Turismo
8.	Production of regional sweets	Suitable location.	Training.	SEBRAE
9.	Production of fruit pulp (nance, cupuassu and açaí palm)	Handling, storage and marketing conditions.	Acquisition of equipment and study of a place for commercialization.	COOMFLONA (Agroindústria)
10.	Extraction of Andiroba oil	Lack of oil analysis, soil authorization and adequate packaging.	Legalization of the activity.	UFOPA and ICMBio
11.	Rubber (latex)	Low price, lacking machinery to sew the rubber.	Machinery purchase, find potential buyers.	COOMFLONA, SEBRAE, Fundo DEMA, ICMBio, UFAC¹²

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[TFN1] Source: Author’s elaboration.