| Territorial boundaries |
Spatial planning instruments |
Administrative political boundaries of the territory are used (GORC, 1976) and the territorial boundaries of the provinces and municipalities are defined by legal regulations (GORC, 2010; PLANAS et al., 2016PLANAS, F.J.A., MILANÉS, B.C., FANNING, L.M. AND BOTERO, C.M. Validating Governance Performance Indicators for Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management in the Southeast Region of Cuba. Open Journal of Marine Science, 6, p. 49-65. 2016. Available at: <https://file.scirp.org/Html/6-1470228_62690.htm>. Access on: October 12th, 2018.
https://file.scirp.org/Html/6-1470228_62...
).
The coastal zone and its protection zone are delimited according to the types of coast, with distances on land ranging from 20 to 300 meters, and depths of 100 to 200 meters at sea (GORC, 2000). |
The coastal territorial boundaries are defined by the National Coastal Management Plan - PNGC II (established by law number 7.661/1988 and regulated by decree number 5.300/2004)
The maritime zone extends offshore for 12 nautical miles established in accordance with the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, comprising the entire territorial sea and a land belt, formed by municipalities with direct influence on the phenomena occurring on the coast (MMA, 2008). |
| Coastal management instruments |
Decree law number 212 (GORC, 2000).
The integrated approach is used to demarcate and delimit coastal areas (MILANÉS 2014MILANÉS B, CELENE, BOTERO SALTARÉN C., ARENAS GRANADOS P., CABRERA, J.A. “Integrated Coastal Management in Cuba and Colombia: A Comparative Analysis”. Ocean Yearbook. Volume 28. Leiden/Boston: Martinus Nijhoff, p. 672-697, 2014. Disponible en: < http://www.brill.com/products/book/ocean-yearbook> Access on: December 23th, 2017.
http://www.brill.com/products/book/ocean...
; MILANÉS et al., 2017; BATISTA, 2018a; b; c.).
Physical geographical criteria for demarcating watersheds (BATISTA, 2018a). |
Law number 7.661/88 establishes guidelines for coastal management of the country.
Project Orla (MMA, 2005; MORAES, 2007MORAES, CARLOS ANTONIO ROBERT. Contribuição para a gestão da zona costeira do Brasil: elementos para uma geografia do litoral brasileiro. São Paulo: Annablume, 2007.).
Coastal ecological-economic zoning.
Areas of temporary oil and gas exclusion.
Sensitivity mapping of the oil coast. |
| Uses of coastal space |
Tourism and recreation, fishing, mineral extraction, human settlements, trade, and transport, protected natural space, scientific research. |
Urbanization, tourism, fishing, mariculture, industrial activity and mineral extraction, ports, oil industry. |
| Environmental conflicts |
Average sea level rise due to climate change, Land degradation (EAN, 2017).
Inadequate occupation of the coastal zone and gradual increase in urbanization (MILANES, 2012MILANÉS, B. Unidades costeras ambientales para el manejo en Santiago de Cuba: delimitación y prioridades de actuación. Revista Científica de Arquitectura y Urbanismo, V, 33, n.3, p. 83-97, 2012. Available at: <https://rau.cujae.edu.cu/index.php/revistaau/article/view/214> Access on: June 12th, 2017.
https://rau.cujae.edu.cu/index.php/revis...
; CABRERA, et al., 2011).
Coastal erosion (CENTELLA et al., 2001CENTELLA, A.; LLANES, J.; PAZ, L. (Coord). Primera Comunicación Nacional a la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático (UNFCCC). Fondo para el Medio Ambiente Mundial, PNUD. La Habana: Fondo para el Medio Ambiente mundial, 2001.).
Overfishing and biodiversity loss. |
Accidents in risk areas occupied by the poor. Loss of biodiversity due to decreased critical habitat area and fragmentation of ecosystems.
Decrease in primary productivity.
Deterioration and loss of coastal space and cultural-historical heritage. Reduction in diversity of natural landscapes, and coastal erosion (SZLAFSZTEIN, 2009SZLAFSZTEIN, C. Indefinições e Obstáculos no Gerenciamento da Zona Costeira do Estado do Pará, Brasil. Revista Gestão Costeira Integrada, v. 9, n 2, p. 47-58, 2009. Available at: < https://www.aprh.pt/rgci/rgci114.html> Access on: July 12th, 2010.
https://www.aprh.pt/rgci/rgci114.html...
; SCHERER et al., 2010SCHERER, M.; SANCHES, M.; HEES DE NEGREIROS, D. Gestão das zonas costeiras e as política públicas no Brasil: um diagnóstico. En BARRAGÁN MUÑOZ, J. (Coord.). Manejo Costero Integrado y Política Pública en Iberoamérica: Un diagnóstico. Necesidad de Cambio. Cádiz: Red IBERMAR (CYTED), p.291-336, 2010.).
|
Public participation |
Planning tools envisage public participation, but this is not achieved in its entirety, conditioned by organizational factors and institutional management that limit participatory processes in decision-making. Added to this is the predominance of verticalist planning policies (MILANES et al., 2020; 2014).
There are favorable conditions for increasing effective citizen participation, promoted by marked social equity and the achievement of positive social development indicators (health and education), among others (MONTERO y MILANES 2020MONTERO, O.P.; MILANÉS BATISTA, C. Social perception of coastal risk in the face of hurricanes in the southeastern region of Cuba. Ocean and Coastal Management., v 184. p.105010 .2020. Available at: <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2019.105010>. Access on: January 22th, 2020.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2019...
; MILANES 2011; CABRERA et al., 2011) |
In Brazil, the practice of public participation in decision-making is not yet fully widespread among all sectors of society. However, there are examples of community-based management, such as the Ceará fishermen’s initiative. In this case, the local community created the Coastal Forum, where various issues related to coastal uses and activities are discussed by representatives of the local community, the tourism sector, industrial fishing, and government representatives from the federal, state, and municipal levels (SZLAFSZTEIN, 2009SZLAFSZTEIN, C. Indefinições e Obstáculos no Gerenciamento da Zona Costeira do Estado do Pará, Brasil. Revista Gestão Costeira Integrada, v. 9, n 2, p. 47-58, 2009. Available at: < https://www.aprh.pt/rgci/rgci114.html> Access on: July 12th, 2010.
https://www.aprh.pt/rgci/rgci114.html...
; SCHERER et al., 2010SCHERER, M.; SANCHES, M.; HEES DE NEGREIROS, D. Gestão das zonas costeiras e as política públicas no Brasil: um diagnóstico. En BARRAGÁN MUÑOZ, J. (Coord.). Manejo Costero Integrado y Política Pública en Iberoamérica: Un diagnóstico. Necesidad de Cambio. Cádiz: Red IBERMAR (CYTED), p.291-336, 2010.). |
| Urban insecurity vs Global Peace Index (2017) |
88 (lower insecurity) |
108 (higher insecurity) |
| Climate migration |
1,738,000 (IDCM, 2018) |
71,000 (IDCM, 2018) |
| Social exclusion |
0.775 |
0.754 |
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Source: prepared by the authors, 2020.