ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT (ERA) APPLICATION FOR THE EVALUATION OF IMPACTS ON NATURAL AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS

The present research employs the Ecological Risk Assessment (ERA) method to evaluate the probability of adverse effects in the water supply of Bom Repouso (MG), a city where the agriculture has caused an advanced degree of degradation of its sources. The methodology is based on the integration of different variables, divided into three Lines of Evidence (chemical, physical-chemical and ecotoxicological), and allows for the evaluation of risk assessment between 0.0 and 1.0 in the sampled environment. Five sampling points were evaluated in three periods, with the results varying between the four possible ratings (from low to very high), and it was not possible to identify a pattern of risk evolution between them. Thus, the method used proved to be efficient in assessing the degree of degradation of the environment, however, additional studies are required to improve this type of systemic impact assessment, based on the evaluation of the environmental degradation.

Keywords:
Ecological Risk Assessment (ERA); Toxicological triad; Bom Repouso City

Authorship

ÉRIC CESAR PAGLIARINI

Graduated in Environmental Engineering at the School of Engineering of São Carlos of the University of São Paulo - EESC-USP, 2014. Works since 2015 as an Environmental Engineer at JGP Consultoria e Gestão Ambiental in the environmental licensing. Email: ericpagli@gmail.com University of São PauloBrazilBrazilGraduated in Environmental Engineering at the School of Engineering of São Carlos of the University of São Paulo - EESC-USP, 2014. Works since 2015 as an Environmental Engineer at JGP Consultoria e Gestão Ambiental in the environmental licensing. Email: ericpagli@gmail.com

VANESSA BEZERRA DE MENEZES OLIVEIRA

Graduated in Technology in Environmental Sanitation - Modality: Control of the Environmental Pollution at the State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, 2006. Master in Ecology, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management by the University of Aveiro - Portugal. PhD from the Biology Department of the University of Aveiro (Portugal) and the University of Aarhus (Denmark). Has great interests in the toxic effects caused by pesticides, veterinary drugs and copper in terrestrial invertebrates, such as: enchytreids, collembola, worms, mites and plants. Postdoctoral studies at the São Carlos School of Engineering, where studied the pesticides effects used in the cultivation of strawberries, potatoes and sugarcane under edaphic communities, and its problems in maintaining the structure (eg biodiversity) and soil functions (eg degradation of organic matter). Was Visiting Specialist in the Faculty of Technology of the State University of Campinas. Is involved in the thematic project: Environmental effects of the pasture-sugarcane conversion and pasture intensification, with the support of FAPESP. Is currently a collaborating professor in the Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering Sciences at EESC/USP. Email: vanessa.ambiente@gmail.comState University of CampinasBrazilBrazilGraduated in Technology in Environmental Sanitation - Modality: Control of the Environmental Pollution at the State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, 2006. Master in Ecology, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management by the University of Aveiro - Portugal. PhD from the Biology Department of the University of Aveiro (Portugal) and the University of Aarhus (Denmark). Has great interests in the toxic effects caused by pesticides, veterinary drugs and copper in terrestrial invertebrates, such as: enchytreids, collembola, worms, mites and plants. Postdoctoral studies at the São Carlos School of Engineering, where studied the pesticides effects used in the cultivation of strawberries, potatoes and sugarcane under edaphic communities, and its problems in maintaining the structure (eg biodiversity) and soil functions (eg degradation of organic matter). Was Visiting Specialist in the Faculty of Technology of the State University of Campinas. Is involved in the thematic project: Environmental effects of the pasture-sugarcane conversion and pasture intensification, with the support of FAPESP. Is currently a collaborating professor in the Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering Sciences at EESC/USP. Email: vanessa.ambiente@gmail.com

EVALDO LUIZ GAETA ESPINDOLA

Graduated in Biological Sciences at the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (1986), holds a Master’s Degree in Hydraulics and Sanitation from the University of São Paulo (1991) and a PhD in Environmental Engineering from the University of São Paulo (1994). Hired by the Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, EESC/USP since 1997, is currently a full professor at the University of São Paulo, responsible for the Center for Ecotoxicology and Applied Ecology. Acts as a reviewer of articles in periodicals advisor of FAPESP, CNPq, CAPES and other institutions to support research and training of human resources. Develops research projects, extension services to the community and orientation of undergraduate students (Biology, Environmental Engineering and Civil Engineering) and postgraduate (Environmental Engineering Sciences) in the area of Ecology of ecosystems, with emphasis on aquatic ecosystems and interfaces (lakes, reservoirs, rivers, wetlands), mainly in the following subjects: ecotoxicology (aquatic and terrestrial), limnology, biodiversity and environmental impact. For 8 years was the coordinator of the Postgraduate Program in Environmental Engineering Sciences and from August 2007 to August 2009 was the Director of the Center for Water Resources and Environmental Studies, EESC/USP. Holds post-doctoral studies at the University of Sheffield, England, in the area of tropical ecotoxicology between 2011-2012, and since 2013 has been President of the Brazilian Ecotoxicology Society. Email: elgaeta@sc.usp.brFederal University of Mato Grosso do SulBrazilBrazilGraduated in Biological Sciences at the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (1986), holds a Master’s Degree in Hydraulics and Sanitation from the University of São Paulo (1991) and a PhD in Environmental Engineering from the University of São Paulo (1994). Hired by the Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, EESC/USP since 1997, is currently a full professor at the University of São Paulo, responsible for the Center for Ecotoxicology and Applied Ecology. Acts as a reviewer of articles in periodicals advisor of FAPESP, CNPq, CAPES and other institutions to support research and training of human resources. Develops research projects, extension services to the community and orientation of undergraduate students (Biology, Environmental Engineering and Civil Engineering) and postgraduate (Environmental Engineering Sciences) in the area of Ecology of ecosystems, with emphasis on aquatic ecosystems and interfaces (lakes, reservoirs, rivers, wetlands), mainly in the following subjects: ecotoxicology (aquatic and terrestrial), limnology, biodiversity and environmental impact. For 8 years was the coordinator of the Postgraduate Program in Environmental Engineering Sciences and from August 2007 to August 2009 was the Director of the Center for Water Resources and Environmental Studies, EESC/USP. Holds post-doctoral studies at the University of Sheffield, England, in the area of tropical ecotoxicology between 2011-2012, and since 2013 has been President of the Brazilian Ecotoxicology Society. Email: elgaeta@sc.usp.br

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (4)
Tables (1)

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Figure 1
Risk associated to the Chemical Line of Evidence for the five sampling points in the municipality of Bom Repouso for the three periods of analysis

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Figure 2
Risk associated to the Physical-chemical Line of Evidence for the five sampling points in the municipality of Bom Repouso for the three periods of analysis

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Figure 3
Risk associated to the Physical-chemical Line of Evidence for the five sampling points in the municipality of Bom Repouso for the three periods of analysis

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Figura 4
Integrated risk for the five sampling points and the three periods of analysis in the municipality of Bom Repouso

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Table 1:
Results obtained for the parameters used in the three Lines of Evidence

Figure 1 Risk associated to the Chemical Line of Evidence for the five sampling points in the municipality of Bom Repouso for the three periods of analysis

Source: Self-elaboration

Figure 2 Risk associated to the Physical-chemical Line of Evidence for the five sampling points in the municipality of Bom Repouso for the three periods of analysis

Source: Self-elaboration

Figure 3 Risk associated to the Physical-chemical Line of Evidence for the five sampling points in the municipality of Bom Repouso for the three periods of analysis

Source: Self-elaboration

Figura 4 Integrated risk for the five sampling points and the three periods of analysis in the municipality of Bom Repouso

Source: Self-elaboration

Table 1: Results obtained for the parameters used in the three Lines of Evidence

Chemical LoE
Point:	P1			P2			P3			P4			P5			VMP*
Point:	Jan/08	Jul/08	Apr/14	Jan/08	Jul/08	Apr/14	Jan/08	Jul/08	Apr/14	Jan/08	jul/08	Apr/14	Jan/08	Jul/08	Apr/14
Iron (mg/L Fe)	0	0	0.422	0	0	0.214	0	0	0.165	11.09	0	0.553	0	0	0.200	0.300
Manganese (mg/L Mn)	0	0	0.004	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.027	0	0	0	0.100
Lead (mg/L Pb)	0	0	0.450	0	0	0.190	0	0	0.430	0	0	0.190	0	0	0.140	0.010
Copper (mg/L Cu)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.006	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.009
Zinc (mg/L Zn)	0	0	0.076	0	0.002	0.072	0	0	0.071	0	0.002	0.179	0	0.006	0.064	0.180
Cadmium (mg/L Cd)	0	0	0.085	0	0	0.092	0	0	0.067	0	0	0.101	0	0	0.960	0.001
Chromium (mg/L Cr)	0.019	0	0	0.023	0	0	0.018	0	0	0.024	0	0	0.018	0	0	0.050
Physical-chemical LoE
pH	6.420	7.790	5.830	6.700	7.700	5.680	6.520	6.520	6.455	5.700	5.380	4.740	6.230	6.410	5.500	6.0 a 9.0
Conductivity (µS/cm)	12.00	20.00	10.00	21.00	25.33	17.00	62.67	55.00	35.00	13.00	15.33	11.00	21.00	22.00	23.00	6.3
DO (mg/L)	7.780	7.140	10.100	9.420	8.070	10.300	3.070	5.640	8.360	4.820	6.390	9.610	5.650	7.950	8.470	> 5.0
Ecotoxicological LoE (mortality %)
D. similis	25	5	0	0	100	0	0	80	20	0	10	5	35	5	10	-
C. dubia	90	100	60	70	0	0	N.R.**	100	50	N.R.**	100	40	60	100	0	-

* Maximum value allowed by CONAMA Resolution Nº 357/2005 for class 2 rivers - Freshwater** Tests not carried out
*** Values in bold are non-compliant with CONAMA Resolution Nº 357/2005specifictions

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ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT (ERA) APPLICATION FOR THE EVALUATION OF IMPACTS ON NATURAL AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS

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[TFN1] * Maximum value allowed by CONAMA Resolution Nº 357/2005 for class 2 rivers - Freshwater** Tests not carried out

[TFN2] *** Values in bold are non-compliant with CONAMA Resolution Nº 357/2005specifictions