Abstract
Several studies have shown COVID-19 has affected the mental health and quality of life of students. This study aimed to assess the quality of life of students in two Brazilian public universities in 2020, using a cross-sectional study. The profile of the participants was delineated from a sociodemographic questionnaire, and the quality of life was assessed by the WHOQOL-bref. A total of 144 students were assessed, in which most of them were under 23 (57%), female (78%), self-declared brown (46%) and without a partner (87%). Most of them declared to sleep less than 8 hours a day, considered their quality of life to be good, and were satisfied with their health. The social relationships domain had the highest average, followed by the environment, physical and psychological domains. The perception of the student's quality of life was considered good, and the factors associated were sex, family income, and number of sleeping hours.
Keywords:
quality of life; university student; COVID-19
Resumo
Diversos estudos têm demonstrado que a pandemia do COVID-19 tem prejudicado a saúde mental e a qualidade de vida dos estudantes. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade de vida dos estudantes em duas universidades públicas brasileiras em 2020, utilizando um estudo transversal. O perfil dos participantes foi delineado a partir de um questionário sociodemográfico e a qualidade de vida foi avaliada pelo WHOQOL-bref. Um total de 144 estudantes participaram, sendo a maioria com idade inferior a 23 anos (57%), do sexo feminino (78%), autodeclarada pardos (46%) e sem companheiro(a) (87%). A maioria declarou dormir menos de 8 horas/dia, considerou sua qualidade de vida como sendo boa e estavam satisfeitos com a sua saúde. O domínio relações sociais teve maior média, seguido pelos domínios meio ambiente, físico e psicológico. A percepção sobre a qualidade de vida dos estudantes foi considerada boa e os principais fatores associados foram sexo, renda familiar e número de horas dormidas.
Palavras-chave:
qualidade de vida; estudante universitário; COVID-19
Resumen
La salud mental y la calidad de vida de los estudiantes se vieron perjudicadas por los efectos de la pandemia de COVID-19. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la calidad de vida de los estudiantes universitarios durante la pandemia. Se trata de un estudio transversal realizado en das universidades públicas brasilehas en 2020. La información se recolectó, mediante la utilización de dos cuestionarios: cuestionario sociodemográfico y WHOQOL-bref. Participaron un total de 144 estudiantes, la mayoría menores de 23 ahos (57%), mujeres (78%), autodeclaradas morenas (46%) y sin pareja (87%). La mayoría declaró dormir menos de 8 horas diarias, consideró buena su calidad de vida y se mostró satisfecha con su salud. El dominio de las relaciones sociales tuvo el mayor promedio, seguido por los dominios medio ambiente, físico y psicológico. La percepción de la calidad de vida de los estudiantes fue considerada buena y los factores asociados a esta percepción fueron el género, la renta familiar y el número de horas dormidas.
Palavras clave:
calidad de vida; estudiante universitario; COVID-19
1 Introduction
The novel coronavirus, which causes the disease known as COVID-19, was first identified in China at the end of 2019. On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the disease a pandemic (WHO, 2020WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. Virus origin/Reducing animal-human transmission of emerging pathogens. 2020. Disponível em: https://www.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus/whorecommendations-to-reduce-risk-of-transmission-of-emerging-pathogens-from-animals-to-humans-inlive-animal-markets. Acesso em: 23 abril 2020.
https://www.who.int/health-topics/corona...
). As the disease was previously unknown, with no established treatment protocol or preventive vaccine, countries implemented strict social isolation measures to control the spread of the disease (Wilder-Smith; Freedman, 2020WILDER-SMITH, A.; FREEDMAN, D. O. Isolation, quarantine, social distancing and community containment: pivotal role for old-style public health measures in the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak. Journal of Travel Medicine, England, v. 27, n. 2, p. taaa020, feb. 2020. Disponível em: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7107565/. Acesso em: 18 jan. 2022.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
).
A lack of social contact, fear of infection, fear of death, inaccurate information about the disease, and the unpredictability of the end of quarantine have been identified as risk factors for the development of emotional disorders and impaired quality of life (QoL) (Le-ong Bin Abdullah et al., 2021LEONG BIN ABDULLAH, Mohammad Farris Iman et al. Quality of life and associated factors among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open, England, v. 11, n. 10, p. e048446, oct. 2021. Disponível em: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8507402/. Acesso em: 20 jan. 2022.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
; Silva et al., 2021SILVA, Paulo Goberlânio de Barros et al. Distance learning during social seclusion by COVID-19: Improving the quality of life of undergraduate dentistry students. European Journal of Dental Education, England, v. 25, n. 1, p. 124-134, feb. 2021. Disponível em: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7436656/. Acesso em: 12 jan. 2022.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
; Ornell et al., 2020ORNELL, Felipe et al. ‘“Pandemic fear”’ and COVID-19: mental health burden and strategies. Brazilian Journal Psychiatry, São Paulo, v. 42, n. 3, p. 232-235, apr. 2020. Disponível em: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7236170/. Acesso em: 12 jan. 2022.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
).
In addition to the aforementioned factors, the abrupt suspension of face-to-face classes, lack of access to the university, disruption of contact with classmates and teachers, and uncertainty about returning to classes represent further challenges in the academic context (Leong Bin Abdullah et al., 2021LEONG BIN ABDULLAH, Mohammad Farris Iman et al. Quality of life and associated factors among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open, England, v. 11, n. 10, p. e048446, oct. 2021. Disponível em: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8507402/. Acesso em: 20 jan. 2022.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
; Silva et al., 2021SILVA, Paulo Goberlânio de Barros et al. Distance learning during social seclusion by COVID-19: Improving the quality of life of undergraduate dentistry students. European Journal of Dental Education, England, v. 25, n. 1, p. 124-134, feb. 2021. Disponível em: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7436656/. Acesso em: 12 jan. 2022.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
; Chang; Yuan; Wang, 2020CHANG, Jinghui; YUAN, Yuan; WANG, Dong. Mental health status and its influencing factors among college students during the epidemic of COVID-19. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao, China, v. 40, n. 2, p. 171-176, feb. 2020. Disponível em: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7086131/. Acesso em: 13 jan. 2022.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
; Wilder-Smith; Freedman, 2020WILDER-SMITH, A.; FREEDMAN, D. O. Isolation, quarantine, social distancing and community containment: pivotal role for old-style public health measures in the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak. Journal of Travel Medicine, England, v. 27, n. 2, p. taaa020, feb. 2020. Disponível em: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7107565/. Acesso em: 18 jan. 2022.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
).
Studies conducted in India (Balhara et al., 2020BALHARA, Yatan Pal Singh et al. Impact of lockdown following COVID-19 on the gaming behavior of college students. Indian Journal of Public Health, India, v. 64, n. Supplement, p. S172-S176, 2020. Disponível em: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32496250/. Acesso em: 05 mar. 2024.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32496250...
), the USA (Mechili et al., 2020MECHILI, Enkeleint A et al. Is the mental health of young students and their family members affected during the quarantine period? Evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic in Albania. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, England, v. 28, n. 3, p. 317-325, 2020. Disponível em: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32657469/. Acesso em: 05 mar. 2024.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32657469...
), and Greece (Kaparounaki et al., 2020KAPAROUNAKI, Chrysi K et al. University students' mental health amidst the COVID-19 quarantine in Greece. Psychiatry Research, Ireland, v. 290, n. 113111, 2020. Disponível em: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32450416/. Acesso em: 05 mar. 2024.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32450416...
) have identified a prevalence of depressive symptoms among university students during the pandemic. In the USA, there was also an increase in symptoms of depression, anxiety, loneliness, and alcohol abuse among participants aged between 18 and 35 (Horigian; Schmidt; Feaster, 2020HORIGIAN, Viviana E; SCHMIDT, Renae D; FEASTER, Daniel J. Loneliness, mental health, and substance use among us young adults during COVID-19. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, United States, v. 53, n. 1, p. 1 -9, 2020. Disponível em: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33111650/. Acesso em: 05 mar. 2024.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33111650...
).
The detrimental impact of the pandemic on the mental health and quality of life (QoL) of university students has also been documented in studies conducted in Spain (Odriozola-González et al., 2020ODRIOZOLA-GONZÁLEZ, Paula et al. Psychological effects of the COVID-19 outbreak and lockdown among students and workers of a Spanish university. Psychiatry Research, Ireland, v. 290, may 2020. Disponível em: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7236679/. Acesso em: 12 jan. 2022.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
), France (Wathelet et al., 2020WATHELET, Marielle et al. Factors associated with mental health disorders among university students in France confined during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Network Open, United States, v. 3, n. 10, p. e2025591, oct. 2020. Disponível em: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7584927/. Acesso em: 23 jan. 2022.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
), Colombia (Pedrozo-Pupo; Pedrozo-Cortés; Campo-Arias, In 2020PEDROZO-PUPO, John Carlos.; PEDROZO-CORTÉS, Maria José; CAMPO-ARIAS, Adalberto. Perceived stress associated with COVID-19 epidemic in Colombia: an online survey. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, Rio de Janeiro, v. 36, n. 5, 2020. Disponível em: https://www.scielo.br/j/csp/a/g37L7PydxnYQdQkFmLT5xGt/. Acesso em: 12 jan. 2022.
https://www.scielo.br/j/csp/a/g37L7Pydxn...
, studies were conducted in the United States (Son et al., 2020SON, Changwon et al. Effects of COVID-19 on college students' mental health in the United States: Interview survey study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, Canada, v. 22, n. 9, p. e21279, sept. 2020. Disponível em: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7473764/. Acesso em: 18 jan. 2022.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
), Malaysia (Leong Bin Abdullah et al., 2021LEONG BIN ABDULLAH, Mohammad Farris Iman et al. Quality of life and associated factors among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open, England, v. 11, n. 10, p. e048446, oct. 2021. Disponível em: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8507402/. Acesso em: 20 jan. 2022.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
), China (Cai et al., 2021CAI, Hong et al. Prevalence of problematic Internet use and its association with quality of life among undergraduate nursing students in the later stage of COVID-19 pandemic era in China. American Journal on Addictions, England, v. 30, n. 6, p. 585592, nov. 2021. Disponível em: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8652965/. Acesso em: 18 jan. 2022.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
), Jordan (Almhdawi et al., 2021ALMHDAWI, Khader et al. Healthcare students' mental and physical well-being during the COVID-19 lockdown and distance learning. Work, Netherlands, v. 70, n. 1, p. 310, 2021. Disponível em: https://content.iospress.com/articles/work/wor205309. Acesso em: 13 jan. 2022.
https://content.iospress.com/articles/wo...
), and Norway (Beisland et al., 2021BEISLAND, E. G. et al. Quality of life and fear of COVID-19 in 2600 baccalaureate nursing students at five universities: a cross-sectional study. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, England, v. 19, n. 1, ago. 2021. Disponível em: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8374118/. Acesso em: 13 jan. 2022.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
).
A study conducted with Brazilian university students revealed the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on self-perceived mental health and an increase in symptoms of depression, stress, and quality of life (Cortes; Pinho; Passos, 2023CORTES, Helena Moraes; PINHO, Paula Hayasi; PASSOS, Bernardo Otto Sousa. Concepções de acadêmicos de enfermagem sobre o processo saúde - doença mental. Revista Baiana de Enfermagem, Salvador, v. 37, 2023. Disponível em: <http://www.revenf.bvs.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2178-86502023000100368&lng=pt&nrm=iso>. Acesso em: 6 mar. 2024.
http://www.revenf.bvs.br/scielo.php?scri...
; Santos et al., 2022SANTOS, Ana Paula Rodrigues dos et al. Impact of Covid-19 on the mental health, quality of life and level of physical activity in university students. Revista Brasileira de Atividade Física & Saúde, Londrina, v. 27, p. 1-10, 2022. Disponível em: https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/resource/pt/biblio-1418219. Acesso em: 05 mar. 2024.
https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/reso...
). Furthermore, Brazil was identified as one of the countries with the highest rates of mental health impairment in a survey conducted by CHEGG in 2021 (CHEGG.Org, 2021CHEGG.ORG. Global student survey. California, 2021.Disponível em: https://www.chegg.org/. Acesso em: 05 mar. 2024.
https://www.chegg.org/...
).
It is widely recognized that quality of life (QoL) influences the ability to concentrate, sleep, and have energy, which in turn directly interferes with the learning and training process of university students (Souza et al., 2021SOUZA, Maria Carolina Marciano Campos de et al. Qualidade do sono e fatores associados em universitários do Centro-Oeste do Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Neurologia, Rio de Janeiro, v. 57, n. 4, p. 9-15, out./dez. 2021. Disponível em: https://docs.bvsalud.org/biblioref/2022/02/1359199/rbn-574-2-qualidade-desono-e-fatores-associados-em-universitariosr.pdf. Acesso em: 12 jan. 2022.
https://docs.bvsalud.org/biblioref/2022/...
; Oliveira et al., 2020OLIVEIRA, Lycelia da Silva et al. Qualidade de vida de estudantes de uma universidade pública do Ceará. Revista de Psicologia, Ceará, v. 12, n. 1, p. 72-85, jan./jun. 2020. Disponível em: http://periodicos.ufc.br/psicologiaufc/article/view/60039. Acesso em: 12 jan. 2022.
http://periodicos.ufc.br/psicologiaufc/a...
; Son et al., 2020SON, Changwon et al. Effects of COVID-19 on college students' mental health in the United States: Interview survey study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, Canada, v. 22, n. 9, p. e21279, sept. 2020. Disponível em: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7473764/. Acesso em: 18 jan. 2022.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
). Given that studies have indicated a decrease in the quality of life (QoL) of the population during the pandemic, the aim of this study was to assess the QoL and associated factors of university students during this period.
2 Methods
This study employed a cross-sectional design, conducted at two Brazilian public universities in the state of Goiás. The selection of the universities was based on the researchers' participation as members of their teaching staff. It is estimated that the two universities together have a total of 8,600 students enrolled in undergraduate courses (UFG, 2022UFG - Universidade Federal de Goiás. Apresentação UFG. Goiânia. Disponível em: https://ufg.br/p/26910-apresentacao-ufg. Acesso em: 12 nov. 2022.
https://ufg.br/p/26910-apresentacao-ufg...
; UFJ, 2022UFJ - Universidade Federal de Jataí. Apresentação UFJ. Jataí. Disponível em: https://portalufj.jatai.ufg.br/p/30348-universidade-federal-de-jatai. Acesso em: 12 nov. 2022.
https://portalufj.jatai.ufg.br/p/30348-u...
).
In light of the suspension of face-to-face classes and in accordance with the General Law on the Protection of Personal Data (Brazil, 2018BRASIL. Lei n° 13.709/2018, de 14 de agosto de 2018. Dispõe sobre a proteção de dados pessoais e altera a Lei n° 12.965, de 23 de abril de 2014, Brasília, 2018. Disponível em: http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil 03/ ato2015-2018/2018/lei/l13709.htm. Acesso em: 18 jan. 2022.
http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil 03/ at...
), the Undergraduate Dean's Office of the two universities assumed the responsibility of sending an invitation to participate in the survey by email to all students enrolled in undergraduate courses. The invitation was sent between September 4 and November 3, 2020, six months after the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Along with the invitation, the Informed Consent Form (ICF) was sent, which had been adapted for the online version. This form included information regarding the privacy of identification and confidentiality of data. Additionally, students had the option of withdrawing their consent at any time, without this affecting their academic training.
By agreeing to participate in the survey, the student had access to the socio-demographic questionnaire and the WHOQOL-bref QoL questionnaire, both of which were adapted for the online version. To prevent duplicate responses from the same individual, the "limit answers to once per person" function was activated.
A total of 146 students responded to the survey. Two participants were excluded from the sample due to failing to answer six or more questions on the QoL assessment instrument (Pedroso et al., 2010PEDROSO, Bruno et al. Cálculo dos escores e estatística descritiva do WHOQOLbref através do Microsoft Excel. Revista Brasileira de Qualidade de Vida, Curitiba, v. 2, n. 1, p. 31-36, jan./jun 2010. Disponível em: https://periodicos.utfpr.edu.br/rbqv/article/view/687/505. Acesso em: 18 jan. 2022.
https://periodicos.utfpr.edu.br/rbqv/art...
; WHOQOL GROUP, 2012WHOQOL GROUP. WHOQOL user manual. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2012.). Thus, 144 students participated in the study, all aged over 18, of both sexes, and from different undergraduate courses.
3 Data collection
A sociodemographic questionnaire was used to identify the profile of the participants, including data such as age, gender, self-declared skin color, marital status, family income, higher education institution and number of hours slept per night.
The WHOQOL-bref was used to assess quality of life. This instrument is self-administered and consists of 26 questions. The first two questions refer to self-perception of QoL and health and the other questions address QoL in four domains (physical, psychological, social relationships and environment). This instrument was developed by the WHO and translated and validated in Brazil. Each question is scored on a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (not at all/very, bad/never) to 5 (ex-tremely/completely/very good/always) (WHOQOL GROUP, 2012WHOQOL GROUP. WHOQOL user manual. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2012.; Fleck et al., 1999FLECK, Marcelo Pio Almeida et al. Aplicação da versão em português do instrumento de avaliação de qualidade de vida da Organização Mundial da Saúde (WHOQOL-100). Revista de Saúde Pública, São Paulo, v. 33, n. 2, p. 198-205, abr. 1999. Disponível em: https://www.scielo.br/j/rsp/a/fDYbfkDmpMdT9LtHxP6bgzb/. Acesso em: 18 jan. 2022.
https://www.scielo.br/j/rsp/a/fDYbfkDmpM...
).
The WHOQOL-bref was analyzed using the online tool developed by Pedroso et al. (2010)PEDROSO, Bruno et al. Cálculo dos escores e estatística descritiva do WHOQOLbref através do Microsoft Excel. Revista Brasileira de Qualidade de Vida, Curitiba, v. 2, n. 1, p. 31-36, jan./jun 2010. Disponível em: https://periodicos.utfpr.edu.br/rbqv/article/view/687/505. Acesso em: 18 jan. 2022.
https://periodicos.utfpr.edu.br/rbqv/art...
following the correction criteria established by the WHOQOL Group (Fleck et al., 1999FLECK, Marcelo Pio Almeida et al. Aplicação da versão em português do instrumento de avaliação de qualidade de vida da Organização Mundial da Saúde (WHOQOL-100). Revista de Saúde Pública, São Paulo, v. 33, n. 2, p. 198-205, abr. 1999. Disponível em: https://www.scielo.br/j/rsp/a/fDYbfkDmpMdT9LtHxP6bgzb/. Acesso em: 18 jan. 2022.
https://www.scielo.br/j/rsp/a/fDYbfkDmpM...
). This tool automates color calculations and descriptive statistics. It is compatible with different versions of Microsoft Office software (2000, XP, 2003 and 2007) and can be downloaded from http://www.brunopedroso.com.br/whoqol-bref.html (Pedroso et al., 2010PEDROSO, Bruno et al. Cálculo dos escores e estatística descritiva do WHOQOLbref através do Microsoft Excel. Revista Brasileira de Qualidade de Vida, Curitiba, v. 2, n. 1, p. 31-36, jan./jun 2010. Disponível em: https://periodicos.utfpr.edu.br/rbqv/article/view/687/505. Acesso em: 18 jan. 2022.
https://periodicos.utfpr.edu.br/rbqv/art...
).
4 Statistical analysis
The information from the sociodemographic questionnaire and the WHOQOL-bref was organized in an Excel spreadsheet (Microsoft Office Excel® 2010) and then transferred to the statistical software Stata version 12.0®.
Categorical variables were presented as absolute and relative frequencies, and the normality test (Shapiro-Wilk) was applied to numerical variables. Normal variables were described in terms of mean and standard deviation and non-normal variables in terms of medians and interquartile ranges.
The WHOQOL-bref domains were compared by selected variables using the Student's t-test. Bivariate and multivariate regression analyses were used to examine the association between the selected variables and the WHOQOL-bref domains. In the multivariate regression analysis, potential adjustment variables were selected (university, age, gender, skin color, marital status, family income and number of hours slept) with a statistical significance of 20% (p-value <0.20).
5 Ethical Statement
The research was approved by the Research Ethics Committee under n°. CAAE 31942620.5.0000.5083.
5.1 Results
The study included 144 students, 82 (56.94%) of whom resided in the same city as the HEI. The majority of these students were enrolled at HEI 2. The participants were under the age of 23 (56.9%), female (77.8%), self-reported as having brown skin color (45.8%), living without a partner (87.5%), and with a family income above four minimum wages (51.4%), as shown in Table 1.
Characteristics of academics at federal public institutions in the state of Goiás, Brazil, in the 2020/2021 academic year (n = 144)
The majority of students (44.4%) rated their quality of life (QoL) as "good," while 31.9% rated it as "neither bad nor good," 15.9% rated it as "very good," 6.9% rated it as "bad," and 0.7% rated it as "very bad." With regard to self-perception of health, the majority of students (38.2%) were satisfied with their own health, 31.6% were neither dissatisfied nor satisfied, 16.7% were dissatisfied, 9.7% were very satisfied, and 3.4% were very dissatisfied.
In terms of the WHOQOL-BREF domains, the domain of social relationships exhibited the highest mean score (13.5 ± 3.9), followed by the environmental domain (13.15 ± 3.01), the physical domain (12.77 ± 2.54), and the psychological domain (12.73 ± 2.54).
A comparative analysis was conducted between the scores for General/Total QoL and the WHOQOL-bref domains with each of the sociodemographic variables (HEI, age, gender, self-reported skin color, marital status, family income, and number of hours slept). The results demonstrated that less than 8 hours of sleep significantly reduced the score for all domains when compared to those who slept 8 hours or more (Table 2).
Evaluation of the WHOQOL-bref domains according to the number of hours slept and sociodemographic data of academics from federal public institutions in the state of Goiás Brazil 2020/2021 (n = 144)
The number of hours slept and age were found to be associated with overall quality of life (QoL; Table 3). The physical domain was associated with Healthy Eating Index (HEI) and family income; the psychological domain was associated with the number of hours slept, age, gender, and marital status; the environmental domain was associated with the number of hours slept, age, marital status, and family income; and there was no association between the variables and the social relations domain.
Association between sociodemographic characteristics and the WHOQOL- bref domains of academics at federal public institutions in the state of Goiás, Brazil 2020/2021 (n = 144)
6 Discussion
This study aimed to investigate the quality of life (QoL) and associated factors of university students from two public universities in the state of Goiás during the period of social isolation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.
The majority of participating students were from HEI 2, resided in the same city as the HEI, were under the age of 23, were female, lived without a partner, and had a family income of over four minimum wages. The majority of respondents perceived their quality of life to be satisfactory and expressed satisfaction with their health. These findings align with those of previous studies conducted in Brazil during the pandemic (Vilanova-Campelo et al., 2021VILANOVA-CAMPELO, Regina Célia et al. Impacto da pandemia na qualidade de vida de integrantes do ensino superior do Maranhão. Revista Científica Multidisciplinar, Jundiaí, v. 2, n. 7, p. e27522, 2021. Disponível em: https://recima21.com.br/index.php/recima21/article/view/522. Acesso em: 18 jan. 2022.
https://recima21.com.br/index.php/recima...
; Silva, 2021SILVA, Gilnison Ramos da. Confinamento domiciliar, qualidade de vida e desempenho acadêmico de estudantes de psicologia durante a pandemia do novo coronavírus. 2021. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ensino na Saúde) - Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, 2021. Disponível em: https://www.repositorio.ufal.br/handle/123456789/9524. Acesso em: 18 jan. 2022.
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; Ramos et al., 2020RAMOS, Tangriane Hainiski et al. O impacto da pandemia do novo coronavírus na qualidade de vida de estudantes de enfermagem. Revista de Enfermagem do Centro-Oeste Mineiro, Divinópolis, v. 10, p. e4042, 2020. Disponível em: http://seer.ufsj.edu.br/recom/article/view/4042/2536. Acesso em: 18 jan. 2022.
http://seer.ufsj.edu.br/recom/article/vi...
).
In our study, students exhibited higher scores in the social relationships domain, indicating that they received support and social support during the pandemic. The social relationships domain encompasses social support, as defined by the WHOQOL Group (2012)WHOQOL GROUP. WHOQOL user manual. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2012.. This result is consistent with the findings of previous studies by Silva (2021)SILVA, Gilnison Ramos da. Confinamento domiciliar, qualidade de vida e desempenho acadêmico de estudantes de psicologia durante a pandemia do novo coronavírus. 2021. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ensino na Saúde) - Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, 2021. Disponível em: https://www.repositorio.ufal.br/handle/123456789/9524. Acesso em: 18 jan. 2022.
https://www.repositorio.ufal.br/handle/1...
, Leite et al. (2020)LEITE, Jéssica Tavares Santos et al. Avaliação dos sintomas de estresse e qualidade de vida dos estudantes de medicina do alto sertão paraibano. Research, Society and Development, Itabira, v. 9, n. 11, p. e89891110487, sept./nov. 2020. Disponível em: https://www.scielo.br/j/aval/a/9zHYTs6kMWr3rKTrsdz4W8k/. Acesso em: 22 jan. 2022.
https://www.scielo.br/j/aval/a/9zHYTs6kM...
, and Ramos et al. (2020)RAMOS, Tangriane Hainiski et al. O impacto da pandemia do novo coronavírus na qualidade de vida de estudantes de enfermagem. Revista de Enfermagem do Centro-Oeste Mineiro, Divinópolis, v. 10, p. e4042, 2020. Disponível em: http://seer.ufsj.edu.br/recom/article/view/4042/2536. Acesso em: 18 jan. 2022.
http://seer.ufsj.edu.br/recom/article/vi...
In the context of stringent social isolation measures aimed at curbing the spread of the disease, the findings of the Cheah et al. (2021)CHEAH, Whye Lian et al. Quality of life among undergraduate university students during COVID-19 movement control order in Sarawak. Health Science Reports, United States, v. 4, n. 3, p. e362, sept. 2021. Disponível em: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8386891/. Acesso em: 18 jan. 2022.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
and Clemente and Stoppa (2020)CLEMENTE, Ana Cristina Fernandes; STOPPA, Edmur Antonio. Lazer doméstico em tempos de pandemia da COVID-19. Revista do Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Estudos do Lazer, Belo Horizonte, v. 23, n. 3, p. 460-484, 2020. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.35699/2447-6218.2020.25524. Acesso em: 18 jan. 2022.
https://doi.org/10.35699/2447-6218.2020....
studies offer a potential explanation for these results. In these studies, participants employed technology (video phone calls, participation in musical lives, and scientific events conducted remotely) as a means of maintaining social contact with friends, family, and the community.
Another factor that may have influenced the score in the social relations domain is the return of students who relocated to their hometowns during the pandemic. This may have provided them with the opportunity to receive social and emotional support from their loved ones (Alomar; Palaian; Shanableh, 2021ALOMAR, Muaed; PALAIAN, Subish; SHANABLEH, Shanableh. Perceived stress and quality of life among final-year pharmacy students in the United Arab Emirates during covid-19 pandemic lockdown. Advances in Medical Education and Practice, New Zealand, v. 12, p. 1361-1369, Nov. 2021. Disponível em: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628034/. Acesso em: 13 jan. 2022.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
; Leite et al., 2020LEITE, Jéssica Tavares Santos et al. Avaliação dos sintomas de estresse e qualidade de vida dos estudantes de medicina do alto sertão paraibano. Research, Society and Development, Itabira, v. 9, n. 11, p. e89891110487, sept./nov. 2020. Disponível em: https://www.scielo.br/j/aval/a/9zHYTs6kMWr3rKTrsdz4W8k/. Acesso em: 22 jan. 2022.
https://www.scielo.br/j/aval/a/9zHYTs6kM...
).
The environmental domain encompasses the individual's perception of physical safety and protection, the physical environment, financial resources, transportation, the availability and quality of health and social care, opportunities to acquire new information and skills, and participation in recreation and leisure (WHOQOL GROUP, 2012WHOQOL GROUP. WHOQOL user manual. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2012.). Consequently, the students' return to their parents' home, which provides a secure and safe environment conducive to receiving essential healthcare, may have contributed to a favorable score in the environmental domain.
The domain with the lowest score was psychological. This domain encompasses a range of positive and negative feelings, thoughts, learning, memory and concentration, self-esteem, body image and appearance, spirituality/religion/personal beliefs (WHOQOL GROUP, 2012WHOQOL GROUP. WHOQOL user manual. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2012.). A similar low score was observed in the study by Santos et al. (2022)SANTOS, Ana Paula Rodrigues dos et al. Impact of Covid-19 on the mental health, quality of life and level of physical activity in university students. Revista Brasileira de Atividade Física & Saúde, Londrina, v. 27, p. 1-10, 2022. Disponível em: https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/resource/pt/biblio-1418219. Acesso em: 05 mar. 2024.
https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/reso...
, which highlighted the emergence of negative thoughts due to social isolation, fear of being infected, dying, or losing loved ones. These factors are accompanied by anxiety, hopelessness, anger, and a feeling of helplessness, which can contribute to low scores in this domain (Meister et al., 2023MEISTER, Gabriel dos Santos et al. Qualidade de vida de estudantes universitários durante a pandemia da COVID-19 em Santa Catarina. Journal Health NPEPS, Tangará da Serra, v. 8, n. 1, 2023. Disponível em: https://periodicos.unemat.br/index.php/jhnpeps/article/view/10572. Acesso em: 05 mar. 2024.
https://periodicos.unemat.br/index.php/j...
).
The variable "number of hours slept" was found to be associated with all the QoL domains. The challenge of effectively managing study time alongside other daily activities became more pronounced. The time spent on social media, movies, and television shows increased, while academic activities were no longer a priority. This resulted in a decline in sleep quality, with some students experiencing insomnia, while others exhibited excessive sleep (Duong et al., 2023DUONG, Chau Bao et al. Impacts of COVID-19 crisis and some related factors on the mental health of 37150 Vietnamese students: a cross-sectional online study. BMC Public Health, England, v. 23, n. 1, p. 445, 2023. Disponível em: https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-023-15317-3. Acesso em: 05 mar. 2024.
https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.co...
). Poor sleep quality has been identified as one of the factors negatively impacting students' quality of life (QoL) in studies conducted in Turkey (Yavuz; Kugu, 2022YAVUZ, Yilmaz; KUGU, Nesim. The prevalence of insomnia in university students and its relationship with quality of life: a university sample. Annals of Medical Research, Turkey, v. 29, n. 9, p. 981-989, 2022. Disponível em: https://annalsmedres.org/index.php/aomr/article/view/4279. Acesso em: 05 mar. 2024.
https://annalsmedres.org/index.php/aomr/...
), China (Zhang et al., 2022ZHANG, Tiantian et al. Sleep disturbance and quality of life among university freshmen in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China. Frontiers in Psychiatry, Switzerland, v. 8, n. 13, 2022. Disponível em: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36424991/. Acesso em: 05 mar. 2024.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36424991...
) and Spain (Ramón-Arbués et al., 2022RAMÓN-ARBUÉS, Enrique et al. Predictors of the quality of life of university students: a cross-sectional study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Switzerland, v. 19, n. 19, 2022. Disponível em: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/19/12043. Acesso em: 05 mar. 2024.
https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/19/120...
). Furthermore, poor sleep quality is associated with stress (Alotaibi et al., 2020ALOTAIBI, Abdullah et al. The relationship between sleep quality, stress, and academic performance among medical students. Journal of Family & Community Medicine, India, v. 27, n. 1, p. 23-28, 2020. Disponível em: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6984036/. Acesso em: 05 mar. 2024.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
), mood swings (Short et al., 2020SHORT, Michelle A. et al. The relationship between sleep duration and mood in adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Medicine Reviews, England, v. 52, 2020. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S108707922030054X. Acesso em: 05 mar. 2024.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar...
), and lower academic performance (Al Shammari et al., 2020AL SHAMMARI, Malak A. et al. The quality of sleep and daytime sleepiness and their association with academic achievement of medical students in the eastern province of Saudi Arabia. Journal of Family and Community Medicine, India, v. 27, n. 2, p. 97102, 2020. Disponível em: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7415273/. Acesso em: 05 mar. 2024.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
).
7 Conclusion
In this study, the psychological domain exhibited the lowest score. It can be surmised that this is attributable to the fact that we are currently experiencing a pandemic period during which social interaction has been restricted, information about the disease is limited, and infection and mortality rates are high (Silva et al., 2021SILVA, Paulo Goberlânio de Barros et al. Distance learning during social seclusion by COVID-19: Improving the quality of life of undergraduate dentistry students. European Journal of Dental Education, England, v. 25, n. 1, p. 124-134, feb. 2021. Disponível em: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7436656/. Acesso em: 12 jan. 2022.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
). It was observed that there was an association between the sociodemographic variables selected and QoL, particularly in relation to the variable number of hours slept.
It is important to note that the majority of students who participated in this study reside in households with an income of more than four times the minimum wage, which may not be representative of other income groups.
In light of the increased prevalence of mental disorders during the pandemic, scholars in the field have underscored the necessity of implementing intervention measures in universities to promote and preserve the mental health of this population (Ritvo et al., 2021RITVO, Paul et al. A mindfulness-based intervention for student depression, anxiety, and stress: randomized controlled trial. JMIR Mental Health, Canada, v. 8, n. 1, 2021. Disponível em: https://mental.jmir.org/2021/1/e23491/. Acesso em: 05 mar. 2024.
https://mental.jmir.org/2021/1/e23491/...
).
The principal limitations of this study are the inability to ascertain a causal relationship between the sociodemographic variables selected and QoL, and the fact that the study employed a non-probabilistic sample, which precludes the generalization of the results. The researchers' inability to access the students' email addresses impeded the dissemination of the survey on a large scale. Furthermore, among those who received an email invitation, the response rate to the questionnaires was low, indicating a lack of engagement among students at both institutions. There are several disadvantages to conducting surveys via email. Firstly, the response rate to online questionnaires is typically lower than for other survey methods. Secondly, the return rate for questionnaires sent by email is 34.8% (Tai et al., 2018TAI, Xiaochen et al. Comparison of response rates on invitation mode of a webbased survey on influenza vacine adverse events among health care workers: a pilot study. BMC Medical Research Methodology, England, v.18, n. 1, p. 59, jun. 2018. Disponível em: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6011252/. Acesso em: 18 jan. 2022.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
).
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Publication in this collection
19 Aug 2024 -
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2024