Abstract
This research aimed to predict the seasonal incidence of whitefly, B. tabaci (Asia II 5) with its management by new plant systemic insecticides and their influence on natural enemies on potato crop. Results concluded that the whitefly population was slightly higher in 2020-21 than in 2019-20 and temperature (minimum and maximum), relative humidity (minimum), evaporation, and sunshine hours were key factors in determining the B. tabaci population buildup with reasonable accuracy (R2=0.82). Sequential spray of Diafenthiuron and Thiamethoxam (1.61 adults/3 compound leaves) was noticed to be the most effective treatment with the highest cost-benefit ratio (1:2.55), whereas two sequential sprays of Pymetrozine (3.17 adults/3 compound leaves) was found to be the least effective with the lowest cost-benefit ratio (1:1.61). All of the insecticides sequential spray examined were found to be either harmless or slightly detrimental to natural enemies (spiders and coccinellids). The current study concluded that B. tabaci population growth and seasonal incidence were greatly influenced by weather factors and this information validates the monitoring for early decision-making prior to developing insect pest management strategies against B. tabaci. Sequential spray of Imidacloprid and Thiamethoxam were shown reliable both from bio-efficacy and economic point of view in managing B. tabaci infestations in potato crop and can be incorporated into the IPM module.
Keywords: Bemisia tabaci; management; potato; seasonal incidence; whitefly
HIGHLIGHTS
Detailed description of seasonal incidence of Bemisia tabaci (Asia II 5) on potato crop.
PCRA based study of effect of weather parameters on the population dynamics of the B. tabaci (Asia II 5).
First kind of investigation of effect of sequential sprays of systemic insecticides against genetic group of Asia II 5, Bemisia tabaci and natural enemies on potato crop.
INTRODUCTION
Potato, Solanum tuberosum L. is the world's most valued and widely cultivated vegetable crop. The crop was attacked by over 100 insect pests [1], with whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gen.), being a serious pest that hampered potato production particularly in North-Western India [2]. Whitefly has become a serious pest of potato crops all over the world due to its polyphagous nature, high fecundity, environmental adaptability, and diverse methods of crop destruction [3]. It extracts enormous amounts of plant sap from the phloem, resulting in decreased vigour and growth of plant, as well as uneven fruit ripening [4, 5]. The pest releases sticky honeydew on the leaves, which allows the buildup of sooty mould, reduces the ability of plants to photosynthesize, and causes stunted growth. [5]. It also serves as a vector for more than 300 virus species, including the Potato Apical Leaf Curl Virus (PALCV) (Family- Geminiviridae; Genus- Begomovirus), which is a globally important virus for the potato crop [5] and was reported for the first time during the year 2000 from Hisar, India [6]. Potato Apical Leaf Curl Virus (PALCV) can inflict 40-75 per cent damage to potatoes in India, depending on the cultivar [7]. In India, the whitefly has become a major source of concern for potato seed production [8]. Whitefly infestations and associated losses can easily go unnoticed until they reach ETL levels, so their population abundance and seasonal occurrence are of great interest. Weather conditions like rainfall, relative humidity, and temperature have a huge impact on incidence and development of whitefly [9]. As a result, it is critical to keep track of its precise seasonal abundance as well as its relationship to various meteorological parameters for early detection and management. However, chemical control of whitefly is difficult due to the fact that high concentrations and frequent sprays kill the insect natural enemies [10], as well as creates the problem of insecticide resistance, resurgence and pesticide residues [11]. Thus, the present study was looking into the whitefly population build-up, as well as testing insecticides for whitefly management and their effect on natural enemies on potato crop.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The research was carried out at the Vegetable Research Centre (29˚ 01′ 53″ N, 79˚ 22′ 27″ E, 232 m asl) of GB Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar-263145, Uttarakhand, India, during the Rabi seasons 2019-2020 and 2020-2021. Potato cv. Kufri Surya was planted in a plot size of 4 × 5 m2 with six replications and the population of B. tabaci was observed on weekly basis on 3 compound leaves (top, middle, and bottom leaves/plant) from ten randomly picked plants, from seedling emergence to maturity. Meteorological data were collected weekly from the Agrometeorology Department, Pantnagar (Figures 1a & 1b) in order to perform a correlation and regression study as per the Snedecor and Cochran (1967) [12].
To compare the bio-efficacy of sequential sprays of various insecticides, trials were set in a Randomized Block Design comprising six treatments, including control, each replicating four times, and two sprays were performed. The experiment began when the natural infestation of B. tabaci (Asia II 5) reached at the Economic Threshold Level (ETL). Each experimental unit measured 3 x 2 m2 in size. The population count of whitefly along with its natural enemies such as coccinellids and spiders were taken from five plants (top, middle, and bottom leaves/plant) from each replication of every treatment a day before (pre-count) and 1, 3, 5, 7, and 14 days after application of the insecticides. To assess the efficacy of different treatments, the mean whitefly adult mortality was separated using Tukey’s HSD at a 5% probability. Pearson's correlation was employed to determine the impact of meteorological variables on the growth of the whitefly population, and Principal component analysis (PCA) and regression analysis equation were used to predict whitefly population using SPSS, Inc. Chicago, Illinois, USA (Version 20). The percentage reduction of natural enemies was classified into three categories [13] to examine the effects of different sequential sprays on natural enemies: N= slightly harmful/harmless (0-50 per cent reduction), M= moderately harmful (51-75 per cent reduction), and T= harmful (>75 per cent reduction) as per the classification of International Organization of Biological Control (IOBC).
To determine the economic profitability of all the sequential sprays of insecticide, cost-benefit ratio was obtained from the formula:
Weekly weather parameters: Temperature (maximum and minimum) (°C), Relative humidity (maximum and minimum) (%), Rainfall (mm), Sunshine (hrs.), Wind velocity (km-h) and Evaporation (mm) during the study period 2019-20
Weekly weather parameters: Temperature (maximum and minimum) (°C), Relative humidity (maximum and minimum) (%), Rainfall (mm), Sunshine (hrs.), Wind velocity (km-h) and Evaporation (mm) during the study period 2020-21.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Bemisia tabaci (Asia II 5) seasonal incidence and their correlation with weather parameters
Bemisia tabaci (Asia II 5) infestation on potato (cv. Kufri Surya) began shortly after germination (46th standard week) and lasted till crop maturity. The whitefly population increased as crop growth progressed [14]. The population of whitefly attained its peak on potato at 48th SW (9.86±0.11 adults/3 compound leaves) in 2019-20 and 49th SW (13.81±0.32 adults/ 3 compound leaves) in 2020-21. These findings were quite similar to the reports of [15] wherein they found the peak of whitefly activity during the 3rd week of December and stated that the months of high temp., low relative humidity and no rainfall were more suitable for whitefly infestations. The adult population of B. tabaci (Asia II 5) on potato varied from 1.08±0.08 to 9.86±0.11 and 0.42±0.04 to 13.81±0.32/3 compound leaves (mean±SE; N=10), during 2019-20 and 2020-21, respectively (Figure. 2). The infestation of B. tabaci (Asia II 5) on potato was slightly higher in 2020-21 (Figure. 2; average: 13.81±0.89 adults/3 compound leaves) than in 2019-20 (average: 9.86±0.55 adults/3 compound leaves). The possible reason for this was comparatively higher relative humidity, low rainfall [18] and more sunshine hours. Higher rainfall in the year 2019-20 may resulted in the sabotage of eggs, nymphs and pupae of whitefly [18]. The B. tabaci population was noticed to be significantly positively associated with T(max.) [16], T(min.), SS while significantly negatively correlated with RHmin., and evap. [17] (Table 1). The positive correlation is related to the B. tabaci population build-up when the temperature rises. The findings were in agreement with the reports of [18] where they found a significantly positive association with temperature (max. and min.), a negatively significant association with minimum relative humidity while sunshine hours were non-significantly correlated with B. tabaci population. The current study was in conformity with [19] and [20] who also found a positive association between average temp. and adult whitefly population and a negative association with average relative humidity [21] found a positively significant association between population build-up of B. tabaci and temperature (min.), relative humidity (max. and min.), and rainfall which is in close accord with the findings of [22-25]. This might be due to the presence of diverse ecological conditions. So, the findings of the present research concluded that population dynamics and seasonal fluctuation of B. tabaci was significantly affected by weather factors (temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and sunshine) in potato crop. Thus, the study suggests frequent pest monitoring to make timely decision while developing pest control plans.
PCRA based predictions of B. tabaci population in potato
Eight meteorological parameters were used for Principal component regression analysis (PCRA) in attempt to group these associated parameters to the smallest feasible subgroups, indicating the percentage of variance (Table 2). After PCRA analysis, two Principal Components (PCs), PC-1 and PC-2, were obtained with 82.03% variability in the data set. For the development of the regression equation, the variables from PC-1 viz. T(max.), T(min.), SS, and Evap. and PC-2 viz. RH(max.), RH(min.), WV, and Rf were taken with Eigen values greater than one. The variance explained by PC-1 and 2 was estimated to be 62.52 and 19.51%, respectively (Table 2). In PC-2, variables RH(max.), Rf, and WV showed a non-significant correlation with the whitefly adult populations so they were not used in the regression equation [26, 27, 18, 28]. Therefore, a multiple regression equation was developed between the population of B. tabaci and T(max.), T(min.), RH(min.), SS, and Evap. from PCA, and the correlation matrix for 2019-2020 and 2020-2021.
B. tabaci adult population/3 compound leaves of plant= 1.88 (Tmax.) + 0.09 (Tmin.) - 0.61 (RHmin) - 6.21 (SS) + 3.27 (Evap.) (P < 0.05; R = .89; R2 = 0.82 and RMSE= 3.15%).
Principal components (PCs) with Per cent Eigen values and variances of B. tabaci (Asia II 5) on Potato
Selected insecticides spray schedules for management of B. tabaci (Asia II 5) and their effects on natural enemies on potato crops
The results revealed that the first spray of Diafenthiuron 50 WP @ 0.10 per cent followed by a second spray of Thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 0.05 per cent (1.61 adults/3 compound leaves) was superior from all the remaining treatments, resulting in the maximum per cent decrease of adult whitefly population on potato crop (Table 3). The findings of [29-32] are congruent with our findings that Diafenthiuron gave maximum mortality of whitefly adults. [33] demonstrated that Thiamethoxam gave efficient results over whitefly adults for 15 days following treatment. The earlier reports of [34-37] revealed that Imidacloprid and Thiamethoxam were effective at suppressing the whitefly population. In this investigation, the combination of Imidacloprid and Thiamethoxam came in third place in terms of bio-efficacy because Imidacloprid has been found to be less effective against insecticides resistant adult whiteflies [38]. The sequential spray of Pymetrozine 50 WG @ 0.06 per cent (3.17 adults/3 compound leaves) was shown to have the minimum effect on the whitefly population. Other treatment efficacy was ranked as follows: Diafenthiuron and Pymetrozine > Imidacloprid and Thiamethoxam > Pymetrozine and Thiamethoxam. Whitefly control was shown to be the most effective using a combination of insecticides [39]. Sequential spray of Diafenthiuron and Thiamethoxam with a B:C ratio of 1:2.55 outperformed the other treatments, followed by Imidacloprid and Thiamethoxam (1:2.05); Diafenthiuron and Pymetrozine (1:1.89); Pymetrozine and Thiamethoxam (1:1.75); and two sprays of Pymetrozine (1:1.61) (Table 3).
Overall result showed that all the sequential sprays were categorized as harmless/slightly harmful against spider and coccinellids in which combination of Diafenthiuron and Thiamethoxam (48.24 per cent) gave maximum reduction of spider and coccinellids (Table 4) followed by Diafenthiuron and Pymetrozine (40.35 per cent); Imidacloprid and Thiamethoxam (36.40 per cent); Pymetrozine and Thiamethoxam (34.21 per cent), while two sprays of Pymetrozine (30.26 per cent) gave minimum reduction of spider and cocinellids. These findings are consistent with the findings of [40] who indicated that insecticides such as Imidacloprid and Thiamethoxam had no or less effect on spider population.
CONCLUSION
In order to maintain the population of natural enemies, selective sequential sprays like Imidacloprid and Thiamethoxam [34, 35], with lower toxicity and higher compatibility with bio-control agents must be employed in Integrated Pest Management programmes for whitefly [41] in potatoes which give effective control of whitefly and also beneficial from economic point of view. The current demand is for the use of newer chemical compounds that have novel and distinct modes of action for the resistance management against whitefly, so insecticide class rotation should be encouraged [42], which improves the insecticidal efficacy.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank ACIRP Potato and GBPUA&T, Pantnagar, for providing all of the resources used in this work.
REFERENCES
- 1 Simpson GW. Potato insects and their control. Potatoes Production, Storage and Processing, AVI Publishing Corporation Co., Westport; 1977. p. 550-605.
- 2 Chandel RS, Banyal DK, Singh BP, Malik K, Lakra BS. Integrated management of whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) and potato apical leaf curl virus in India. Potato Res. 2010;53:129-39.
- 3 Rekha AR, Maruthi MN, Muniyappa V, Colvin J. Occurrence of three genotypic clusters of Bemisia tabaci and the rapid spread of the B biotype in south India. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 2005;117:221-33.
- 4 Perring TM. The Bemisia tabaci complex. Crop Prot. 2001;20:725-37.
- 5 Jones DR. Plant viruses transmitted by whiteflies. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 2003;109:195-219.
- 6 Garg ID, Khurana SMP, Kumar S, Lakra BS. Association of a geminivirus with potato apical leaf curl in India and its immunized electron microscopic detection. J. Indian Potato Asso. 2001;28:227-32.
- 7 Venkatasalam EP, Singh S, Sivalingam PN, Malathi VZ, Garg ID. Polymerase chain reaction and nucleic acid spot hybridisation detection of begomovirus (es) associated with apical leaf curl disease of potato. Arch. Phytopathol. Plant Prot. 2011;44:987-2.
- 8 Bhatnagar A. Incidence and succession of thrips, leafhoppers and whitefly in combination of planting dates and potato varieties. Ann. Plant. Prot. Sci. 2007;15:101-5.
- 9 Das S, Pandey V, Patel HR, Patel KI. Effect of weather parameters on pest-disease of okra during summer season in middle Gujarat. J. Agrometeorol. 2011;13:38-42.
- 10 Michaud JP, McKenzie CL. Safety of a novel insecticide, sucrose octanoate, to beneficial insects in Florida citrus. Fla. Entomol. 2004;87:6-9.
- 11 Denholm I, Devine GJ, Gorman K, Horowitz AR. Insecticide resistance in Bemisia: a global perspective. In Annals of the 3rd International Bemisia Workshop. 2003; p. 113.
- 12 Snedecor GW, Cochran WG. Statistical methods. Iowa State University Press, USA. 1967;pp. 650.
- 13 Boller EF, Vogt H, Ternes P, Malavolta C. Working document on selectivity of pesticides. Internal newsletter, IOBC/WRPS council. 2005;40.
- 14 Patel C, Srivastava RM, Kunwar R, Rana A, Pant S. PCRA based study for influence of weather parameters on incidence of whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) in brinjal. Pharma Innov. 2021;10:1048-51.
- 15 Rashid MH, Hossain I, Hannan A, Uddin SA, Hossain MA. Effect of different dates of planting time on prevalence of tomato yellow leaf curl virus and whitefly of tomato. J. Soil Nature. 2008;2:1-6.
- 16 Kumhawat RL, Pareek BL, Meena BL. Seasonal incidence of jassid and whitefly on okra and their correlation with abiotic factors. Annl. Biol. 2000;16:167-9.
- 17 Kumar M, Gupta A. Effect of weather variables on whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Gennadius) population in development of potato apical leaf curl virus disease. J. Agrometeor. 2016;18:288-91.
- 18 Sharma D, Maqbool A, Jamwal VVS, Srivastava K, Sharma A. Seasonal dynamics and management of whitefly (Bemesia tabaci Genn.) in tomato (Solanum esculentum Mill.). Braz Arch. Biol. Technol. 2017;60:1-8.
- 19 Ashfaq M, Noor-ul-Ane M, Zia K, Nasreen A. The correlation of abiotic factors and physico-morphic charateristics of (Bacillus thuringiensis) Bt transgenic cotton with whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) and jassid, Amrasca devastans (Homoptera: Jassidae) populations. Afr. J. Agric. Res. 2010; 5:3102-7.
- 20 Kaur L, Gill KK, Cheema HK, Dhaliwal LK, Sirari A, Kingra PK. Meteorological factors attributing yellow mosaic virus severity on greengram. Indian J. Agric. Sci. 2010;80:1007-9.
- 21 Pathania M, Verma A, Singh M, Arora PK, Kaur N. Influence of abiotic factors on the infestation dynamics of whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius 1889) in cotton and its management strategies in North-Western India. Int. J. Trop. Insect Sci. 2020;40:969-81.
- 22 Umar MS, Jala AM, Murtaza MF, Gogi MD, Salman M. Effect of abiotic factors on the population fluctuations of whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) in nectaried and nectariless genotypes of cotton. Int. J. Agric. Biol. 2003;5:362-3.
- 23 Purohit D, Ameta OP, Savangdevot SS. Seasonal incidence of major insect pests of cotton and their natural enemies. Pestology. 2006,30:24-29.
- 24 Janu A, Dahiya KK. Influence of weather parameters on population of whitefly, Bemisia tabaci in American cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). J. Entomol. Zool. Stud. 2017;5:649-54.
- 25 Kataria SK, Singh P, Bhawana KJ. Population dynamics of whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius and leaf hopper, Amrasca biguttula biguttula Ishida in cotton and their relationship with climatic factors. J. Entomol. Zool. Stud. 2017;5:976-83.
- 26 Ghosh SK, Laskar N, Basak SN, Senapati SK. Seasonal fluctuation of Bemisia tabaci Genn. on brinjal and field evaluation of some pesticides against Bemisia tabaci under terai region of West Bengal. Environ. Ecol. 2004;22:758-62.
- 27 Shitole TD, Patel IS. Seasonal abundance of sucking pests and their correlation with weather parameters in cotton crop. Pestology. 2009;33:38-40.
- 28 Natikar PK, Balikai RA. Statistical Forewarning Models for Insect Pests and Natural Enemies of Potato in Karnataka during Rabi Season. Int. J. Plant Prot. 2018;11:151-7.
- 29 Aslam M, Khan AH, Rasheed T, Khan IA. Monitoring whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) on cotton. Pak. J. Zool. 2001;33:261-4.
- 30 Kharel S, Singh PS, Singh SK. Efficacy of newer insecticides against sucking insect pests of green gram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]. Int. J. Agric. Environ. Biotechnol. 2016;9:1081-7.
- 31 Tariq K, Ali R, Butt ZA, Ali A, Naz G, Anwar Z, et al. Comparative efficacy of different insecticides alone and along with adjuvant against cotton whitefly Bemisia tabaci in Multan, Pakistan. Am. Eurasian J. Agric. Environ. Sci. 2016;16:1424-30.
- 32 Kumar V, Jindal V, Kataria SK, Pathania M. Activity of Novel Insecticides against Different Life Stages of Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci). Indian J. Agric. Sci. 2019;89:1599-603.
- 33 Zidan LTM, Saadoon SE, El-Naggar JB, Aref SA. Efficacy of some insecticides against of sweet potato whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on field cotton plant. Egypt. J. Basic Appl. Sci. 2008;23:706-16.
- 34 Mandal SK, Mandal RK. Comparative efficacy of Insecticides against Mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi Kalt. Ann. Plant Protect. Sci. 2010;18:333-5.
- 35 Dubey SC, Singh B. Seed treatment and foliar application of insecticides and fungicides for management of cercospora leaf spots and yellow mosaic of mungbean (Vigna radiata). Int. J. Pest Manag. 2010;56:309-14.
- 36 Sharma SR, Singh AK, Singh J, Singh DP. Efficacy of New Molecules of Insecticides for the Control of Sucking Pests in Moongbean (Vigna radiata). Int. J. Agric. Sci. 2016;8:1240-1.
- 37 Patel Y, Sharma H, Das SB. Novel insecticides for management of whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) in cotton. Ann. Plant. Prot. Sci. 2010;18:6-9.
- 38 Pirmoradi NA, Sheikhigarjan A, Baniameri V, Imani S. Evaluation of susceptibility of the first instar nymphs and adults of Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) to neonicotinoid insecticides under laboratory conditions. J. Entomol. Soc. Iran. 2010;31:13-24.
- 39 Ghosh S, Khan MR. Integrated approach for management of major Insect pests and Nematode problems of Okra, Abelmoschus esculentus (L.). Ann. Plant Protect. Sci. 2010;18:388-93.
- 40 El-Zahi ES, Arif SA. Field evaluation of recommended insecticides to control bollworms on cotton, aphid, Aphis gossypii and their side effects on associated predators. J. Pest Control Environ. Sci. 2011;19:55-68
- 41 Fernandes FL, Bacci L, Fernandes MS. Impact and Selectivity of Insecticides to Predators and Parasitoids. Entomo Brasilis. 2010;3:1-10.
- 42 Toscano NC, Henneberry TJ. Whitefly management on agricultural crops. In: Ioannou N, editor. Management of the whitefly-virus complex Management of the whitefly-virus complex. Cyprus. FAO Rome, Italy; 1997. p. 125-8.
Publication Dates
-
Publication in this collection
10 June 2024 -
Date of issue
2024
History
-
Received
09 Sept 2022 -
Accepted
16 Aug 2023