Using Phenol-Rich Agro-Wastes as Substrates for the Cultivation of <i>Hypsizygus ulmarius</i> Mushroom with Enhanced Functional and Nutritional Potential

Atíla, Funda

doi:10.1590/1678-4324-2022210669

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Article - Agriculture, Agribusiness and Biotechnology • Braz. arch. biol. technol. 65 • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4324-2022210669 copy

Using Phenol-Rich Agro-Wastes as Substrates for the Cultivation of Hypsizygus ulmarius Mushroom with Enhanced Functional and Nutritional Potential

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

HIGHLIGHTS

Straw-based media are more suitable for Hypsizygus ulmarius cultivation
Grape pomace and green walnut husks are useable as alternative supplement materials
These harmful wastes are converted into functional foods by mushroom cultivation

Abstract

This study aimed to transform phenolic-rich agricultural wastes into valuable foods by using them as new alternative substrates in mushroom cultivation and thus, to dispose of them without harming the environment. Thirteen growing media were tested for cultivation of Hypsizygus ulmarius in the study. The wheat straw (WS) and poplar sawdust (PS) were used as the main substrate and the green walnut husk (GWH) and grape pomace (GP) were added at the ratios of 10, 20, and 30%. One commercial growing medium was used as control. The relationships was assessed between the cultivation parameters and composition of the growing media. Moreover, the comparison of nutritional composition of mushroom carpophores among the treatments was performed. Straw-based media supplemented with GP and GWH promoted H. ulmarius yields (161.1 g kg^-1-235.4 g kg^-1), biological efficiency (BE)% (44.8%-73.5%) compared to control media (225.7 g kg^-1, 64.5%, and 1.25, respectively). Moreover, the fruitbodies cultivated on growing media supplemented with different ratios of GP and GWH displayed high contents of protein (12.85%-17.0%), ash (8.54-11.90%), and carbohydrate (69.11%-75.15%), a total phenolic content of 2.68-4.26 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per g, and a low content of fat (1.70%-3.50%). Considering the results of the study, it was concluded that by using growing media containing phenolic-rich wastes in H. ulmarius cultivation, especially GP, the environmental impact of these wastes can be reduced without compromising the current yield performance and nutritional quality of the mushroom.

Keywords:
Elm oyster mushroom; grape pomace; green walnut husk; total phenol; agro-wastes

Growing Media	Basal Substrate	Basal Substrate Ratio (w/w)	Supplement material	Supplement Material Ratio (w/w)
Control	Wheat straw	80%	Wheat bran	20%
WS:GWH10	Wheat straw	90%	Green walnut husk	10%
WS:GWH20	Wheat straw	80%	Green walnut husk	20%
WS:GWH30	Wheat straw	70%	Green walnut husk	30%
WS:GP10	Wheat straw	90%	Grape pomace	10%
WS:GP20	Wheat straw	80%	Grape pomace	20%
WS:GP30	Wheat straw	70%	Grape pomace	30%
PS:GWH10	Poplar Sawdust	90%	Green walnut husk	10%
PS:GWH20	Poplar Sawdust	80%	Green walnut husk	20%
PS:GWH30	Poplar Sawdust	70%	Green walnut husk	30%
PS:GP10	Poplar Sawdust	90%	Grape pomace	10%
PS:GP20	Poplar Sawdust	80%	Grape pomace	20%
PS:GP30	Poplar Sawdust	70%	Grape pomace	30%

Growing Media	pH	Ash (%)	C (%)	N (%)	C:N	Total Phenolic Content (mg GAE/g dw)
Control	6.68±0.15^{^**}c	6.67±0.37^{^**}a	54.1±0.22^{^**}d	1.17±0.11^{^**}a	46.6±4.2^{^**}d	1.27±0.09^{^**}g
WS:GWH10	7.03±0.21 bc	6.98±0.31 a	54.0±0.18 d	0.85±0.10 bc	64.5±8.2 d	2.38±0.11 f
WS:GWH20	7.34±0.10 ab	6.97±0.39 a	54.0±0.23 d	0.90±0.12 bc	62.0±8.7 d	3.31±0.21 d
WS:GWH30	7.32±0.19 ab	6.78±0.24 a	54.0±0.14 d	0.90±0.11 bc	60.6±8.6 d	4.17±0.12 bc
WS:GP10	6.68±0.17 c	6.95±0.23 a	54.0±0.13 d	0.97±0.06 ab	55.7±3.4 d	1.39±0.14 g
WS:GP20	7.23±0.09 ab	7.00±0.25 a	53.9±0.14 d	0.98±0.01 ab	54.8±0.8 d	4.58±0.15 b
WS:GP30	7.57±0.10 a	7.13±0.23 a	53.9±0.13 d	1.07±0.05 ab	50.3±2.2 d	6.35±0.21 a
PS:GWH10	5.25±0.14 e	2.39±0.13 d	56.6±0.07 a	0.51±0.07 de	112.9±14.5 ab	1.05±0.07 g
PS:GWH20	5.58±0.14 de	2.83±0.17 bcd	56.4±0.10 ab	0.41±0.06 e	135.2±18.8 a	2.92±0.22 de
PS:GWH30	6.01±0.12 d	3.26±0.18 bc	56.1±0.11 bc	0.48±0.05 de	120.8±10.9 ab	3.81±0.19 c
PS:GP10	5.35±0.17 e	2.60±0.07 cd	56.5±0.04 ab	0.43±0.07 e	135.5±20.9 a	2.60±0.13 ef
PS:GP20	5.84±0.11 d	3.16±0.12 bc	56.2±0.07 bc	0.58±0.06 de	98.7±10.1 bc	4.18±0.11 bc
PS:GP30	5.85±0.17 d	3.58±0.16 b	56.0±0.10 c	0.71±0.04 cd	80.4±4.5 cd	6.05±0.18 a

Growing Media	Spawn Run Period (days)	Days to Pinhead Initiation (days)	Days to First Harvest (days)	Yield (g/kg)			Total Yield (g/kg)	Biological Efficiency (%)
Growing Media	Spawn Run Period (days)	Days to Pinhead Initiation (days)	Days to First Harvest (days)	Flush 1 (g/kg)	Flush 2 (g/kg)	Flush 3 (g/kg)	Total Yield (g/kg)	Biological Efficiency (%)
Control	29.0±1.4^{^**}bc	45.8±3.2^{^**} e	51.8±3.3^{^**} ef	101.5	72.7	51.5	225.7±6.2^{^**}a	64.5±1.8^{^**}b
WS:GWH10	28.0±1.4 c	52.0±20 bc	58.2±1.8 bc	85.4	64.8	0.0	161.1±8.5 c	44.8±2.6 de
WS:GWH20	30.5±2.3 ab	54.0±2.9 ab	59.5±2.6 b	106.7	62.0	0.0	168.7±13.2 c	45.6±3.6 d
WS:GWH30	25.0±1.3 d	49.7±1.7 cd	55.8±1.3 cd	102.9	73.5	0.0	166.7±8.4 c	46.3±2.3 d
WS:GP10	23.0±0.8 d	45.8±0.7 e	51.3±0.9 ef	103.4	77.1	54.7	235.4±12.1 a	73.5±3.8 a
WS:GP20	23.3±1.1 d	47.2±0.9 de	53.7±0.7 de	102.8	67.6	51.5	221.9±5.7 a	65.3±1.7 b
WS:GP30	27.8±1.2 c	53.0±1.5 ab	59.0±1.2 bc	73.7	56.8	60.0	190.5±6.0 b	57.7±1.8 c
PS:GWH10	20.3±0.7 e	44.2±0.7 e	49.5±1.1 f	70.3	38.9	20.5	129.7±10.2 de	39.3±3.1 f
PS:GWH20	27.5±0.5 c	51.8±0.7 bc	57.7±1.1 bc	81.8	47.9	0.0	129.7±7.7 de	40.5±2.4 def
PS:GWH30	31.2±1.1 a	55.3±1.6 a	60.8±2.0 ab	79.9	42.8	0.0	122.7±7.2 de	37.2±2.2 f
PS:GP10	27.7±0.7 c	52.5±1.0 abc	57.7±0.7 bc	61.0	48.5	6.2	115.7±3.9 e	37.3±1.3 f
PS:GP20	20.2±0.4 e	46.0±0.6 e	50.7±0.5 ef	55.6	44.3	33.8	133.7±5.0 d	44.6±1.7 de
PS:GP30	25.0±0.6 d	51.3±0.7 bc	63.0±1.3 a	58.5	0.0	0.0	58.5±7.4 f	18.3±2.3 g

Growing Media	Total Phenol (mg GAE/g)	Dry Matter (%)	Protein (%)	Fat (%)	Ash (%)	Total Carbonhydrate (%)	Energy (kcal)
WS:WB20	3.35±0.11^{^**}d	8.62±0.37 ^ns	19.34±0.61^** b	2.16±0.01^**f	7.94±0.02^** g	70.51±0.60^**d	379.1±0.1^** a
WS:GWH10	3.53±0.15 bcd	8.32±0.51	12.85±0.03 g	2.05±0.05 f	10.72±0.01 bc	74.39±0.03 ab	367.4±0.3 e
WS:GWH20	3.70±0.06 bcd	8.10±0.25	14.87±0.07 de	3.10±0.07 bc	10.50±0.04 c	71.53±0.07 c	373.5±0.2 bcd
WS:GWH30	4.14±0.12 a	8.22±0.28	15.45±0.36 a	3.50±0.01 a	9.66±0.01 de	66.54±0.08 e	378.9±0.1 a
WS:GP10	2.65±0.20 f	8.18±0.49	13.11±0.09 fg	1.70±0.01 g	10.04±0.03 d	75.15±0.10 a	368.3±0.1 e
WS:GP20	3.94±0.06 ab	8.40±0.10	13.27±0.02 fg	2.60±0.01 e	9.58±0.12 e	74.55±0.13 a	374.7±0.5 bc
WS:GP30	4.26±0.19 a	8.90±0.54	14.58±0.02 de	2.79±0.02 de	8.54±0.19 f	74.08±0.20 ab	379.8±0.7 a
PS:GWH10	3.41±0.11 cd	8.41±0.27	13.28±0.04 fg	2.89±0.10 cd	9.69±0.29 de	73.42±0.17 b	375.7±1.5 b
PS:GWH20	3.52±0.19 bcd	7.87±0.19	14.00±0.11 ef	2.89±0.25 cd	10.41±0.08 c	70.70±0.72 c	372.8±1.4 cd
PS:GWH30	3.24±0.08 de	8.46±0.45	16.00±0.64 c	3.21±0.15 b	11.90±0.02 a	71.83±1.24 c	368.1±6.1 e
PS:GP10	2.92±0.15 ef	7.93±0.30	13.12±0.05 fg	2.25±0.02 f	9.44±0.22 e	73.36±0.67 b	373.5±0.9 bcd
PS:GP20	3.41±0.14 cd	8.14±0.29	14.95±0.51 d	2.27±0.01 f	9.78±0.03 de	71.26±0.15 c	372.2±0.1 d
PS:GP30	3.86±0.12 abc	8.54±0.53	17.00±0.16 a	3.16±0.03 bc	10.99±0.03 b	69.11±0.08 d	372.1±0.4 d

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