Cover Crops and Nitrogen Fertilization in Maize on the Productive Performance of Crop

Guelere, Rafael Ribeiro; Conceição, Paulo Cesar; Cassol, Cidimar; Amadori, Caroline; Haskel, Maiara Karini; Pletsch, Fernando; Kniess, Yana Kelly

doi:10.1590/1678-4324-PSSM-2024230817

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Article - Agronomy/Soil Science • Braz. arch. biol. technol. 67 (spe 1) • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4324-PSSM-2024230817 copy

Cover Crops and Nitrogen Fertilization in Maize on the Productive Performance of Crop

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The use of conservation practices for sustainable agriculture production has grown in the last decades, mainly due to the no-tillage and the cover crops. The aim was to evaluate the productive performance of phytomass in three crop years with the effect of different winter cover crops and nitrogen (N) rates in succession maize. The study was carried out at the Federal Technological University of Paraná, in Dois Vizinhos, between 2020 and 2023, in a long-term experiment (2010). The treatments were a combination of three N rates applied to maize and eight winter cover crops. The annual cropping systems were buckwheat-winter cover crops-maize. The dry phytomass of buckwheat showed a significant difference between the residual N rates, but no difference to the cover crops. For the winter cover crops, mix and single oats showed a higher phytomass production, especially oats+vetch+radish, while common vetch had a lower production. Phytomass of maize was responsive to N addition, regardless of crop year; however, in a dry weather year, the cover crops showed no difference. Cumulative annual phytomass ranged from 10 to 28.6 Mg ha¯¹ and was related to the N rate and the winter crop. Maize grain yield was higher after vetch and lupine and with N fertilization. Therefore, winter cover crops and N fertilization can contribute to the productive development of all the crops in the cropping system.

Keywords:
Buckwheat; Dry phytomass; Straw; No-tillage

HIGHLIGHTS

Nitrogen fertilization in maize impacts the phytomass of crops in succession.

The oat+vetch+radish mix is a great alternative for winter production.

The corn phytomass with N rates of 90 and 180 kg ha^-1 was similar.

The annual accumulated production of phytomass ranged from 10.0 to 28.6 Mg ha^-1.

Winter cover crops and N rate affect corn grain production in years without drought.

N rate	Winter cover crops																Mean		CV (%)
(kg ha^-1)	Oats		O+V		O+V+R		WO+P+R		Rye		Vetch		Pea		Lupine		Mean		CV (%)
	Dry phytomass (Mg ha⁻¹)
	Crop year 2020
0	1.1		0.8		1.0		1.3		1.1		1.0		1.5		1.0		1.1	ns
90	1.2		1.0		1.0		1.1		1.1		1.0		1.5		1.2		1.1		23.3
180	1.2		1.1		1.0		1.4		1.1		1.2		1.3		1.6		1.2
Mean	1.2	ns	1.0		1.0		1.3		1.1		1.0		1.4		1.3				29.3
	Crop year 2021
0	1.9		2.1		2.9		2.0		1.7		2.4		2.2		2.8		2.2	A
90	1.7		2.3		1.8		1.7		2.0		2.0		1.4		2.2		1.9	B	19.0
180	2.1		2.2		2.4		2.7		2.1		2.6		1.7		2.8		2.3	A
Mean	1.9	b	2.2	a	2.4	a	2.1	a	1.9	b	2.3	a	1.8	b	2.6	a			19.9
	Crop year 2022
0	4.3		4.9		5.7		6.2		5.1		6.5		5.9		4.8		5.4	B
90	3.8		6.6		5.8		6.7		4.1		6.1		4.7		5.9		5.5	B	23.7
180	6.5		6.6		6.9		7.6		6.9		6.1		7.4		6.0		6.8	A
Mean	4.9	ns	6.0		6.1		6.8		5.4		6.2		6.0		5.6				19.3

N rate	Winter cover crops																Mean		CV (%)
(kg ha^-1)	Oats		O+V		O+V+R		WO+P+R		Rye		Vetch		Pea		Lupine		Mean		CV (%)
	Dry phytomass (Mg ha⁻¹)
	Crop year 2020
0	3.6		4.4		7.1		1.6		3.5		1.2		3.0		5.2		3.7	A
90	3.5		2.5		5.3		1.4		2.3		1.5		2.0		4.1		2.8	B	23.5
180	4.2		3.1		7.3		1.7		3.3		2.6		3.0		4.3		3.7	A
Mean	3.8	c	3.3	c	6.5	a	1.5	d	3.0	c	1.7	d	2.7	c	4.5	b			26.5
	Crop year 2021
0	1.5		1.9		2.2		2.1		2.8		0.9		1.4		1.6		1.8	ns
90	1.4		2.1		1.8		1.5		1.9		1.0		1.3		1.1		1.5		34.0
180	1.5		2.5		2.2		1.7		2.5		1.1		1.3		2.1		1.9
Mean	1.5	b	2.2	a	2.1	a	1.8	b	2.4	a	1.0	b	1.3	b	1.6	b			26.1
	Crop year 2022
0	4.2		5.3		4.8		5.6		2.6		1.4		2.4		3.6		3.7	B
90	5.0		7.1		7.8		7.6		4.1		1.7		3.9		3.7		5.1	A	28.4
180	6.6		5.8		5.5		6.6		4.3		0.8		2.9		2.2		4.3	A
Mean	5.2	a	6.1	a	6.0	a	6.6	a	3.7	b	1.3	c	3.1	b	3.1	b			30.2

N rate	Winter cover crops																Mean		CV (%)
(kg ha^-1)	Oats		O+V		O+V+R		WO+P+R		Rye		Vetch		Pea		Lupine		Mean		CV (%)
	Dry phytomass (Mg ha⁻¹)
	Crop year 2020/21
0	7.1		9.5		9.5		7.5		8.3		10.4		8.4		11.4		9.0	B
90	10.1		12.4		11.0		10.8		11.0		11.7		11.0		12.7		11.3	A	9.7
180	11.5		12.0		12.5		11.7		11.6		11.1		10.8		12.0		11.7	A
Mean	9.6	b	11.3	a	11.0	a	10.0	b	10.3	b	11.1	a	9.9	b	12.1	a			11.7
	Crop year 2021/22
0	9.4		7.7		7.9		8.2		11.3		7.1		7.1		7.7		8.3	B
90	11.7		11.9		11.6		10.6		10.2		12.3		7.5		10.9		10.8	A	26.3
180	14.6		11.6		14.0		12.0		10.5		10.1		10.8		9.0		11.6	A
Mean	11.9	ns	10.4		11.2		10.3		10.7		9.9		8.5		7.7				18.0
	Crop year 2022/23
0	6.7	bB	10.3	aB	11.4	aB	9.4	aB	2.7	cB	13.0	aA	7.9	bB	9.8	aA	8.9
90	13.0	aA	12.3	aA	14.8	aA	13.5	aA	11.0	aA	12.9	aA	12.7	aA	11.7	aA	12.7		13.3
180	14.0	aA	13.7	aA	16.1	aA	14.2	aA	12.2	aA	11.3	aA	11.3	aA	11.3	aA	13.1
Mean	11.2		12.1		14.1		12.4		8.6		12.4		10.9		10.9				24.4

N rate	Winter cover crops																Mean		CV (%)
(kg ha^-1)	Oats		O+V		O+V+R		WO+P+R		Rye		Vetch		Pea		Lupine		Mean		CV (%)
	Dry phytomass (Mg ha¯¹)
	Crop year 2020/21
0	11.8		14.6		17.6		10.4		12.9		12.5		13.0		17.6		13.8	C
90	14.8		15.9		17.3		13.3		14.3		14.2		14.1		18.1		15.3	B	9.2
180	17.1		16.3		20.8		14.7		16.0		14.9		15.1		17.9		16.6	A
Mean	14.5	b	15.6	b	18.5	a	12.8	b	14.4	b	13.9	b	14.1	b	17.9	a			9.5
	Crop year 2021/22
0	12.7		11.7		13.0		12.3		15.8		10.9		10.1		12.2		12.3	B
90	14.8		16.3		15.2		13.7		14.0		15.6		10.0		14.2		14.2	A	20.2
180	18.2		16.3		18.7		16.4		15.0		14.0		13.6		13.9		15.8	A
Mean	15.2	a	14.8	a	15.6	a	14.1	a	15.0	a	13.5	a	11.2	b	13.4	a			13.9
	Crop year 2022/23
0	15.2	bC	20.5	aB	21.9	aB	21.2	aB	10.5	cC	21.9	aA	15.2	bB	18.2	aA	18.1
90	21.8	bB	26.0	aA	28.3	aA	27.9	aA	19.1	bB	23.0	bA	19.1	bA	21.8	bA	23.3		10.3
180	27.1	aA	26.2	aA	28.6	aA	28.4	aA	23.4	bA	20.4	bA	20.4	bA	19.5	bA	24.3
Mean	21.4		24.2		26.3		25.8		17.7		21.8		18.3		19.7				14.2

N rate	Winter cover crops																Mean		CV (%)
(kg ha^-1)	Oats		O+V		O+V+R		WO+P+R		Rye		Vetch		Pea		Lupine		Mean		CV (%)
	Corn grain (Mg ha^-1)
	Crop year 2020/21
0	2.2		4.3		4.3		2.5		3.3		5.1		3.4		6.1		3.9	B
90	4.9		7.0		5.7		5.5		5.7		6.3		5.3		7.2		5.9	A	17.2
180	6.2		6.6		7.0		6.3		6.3		5.8		5.5		6.6		6.3	A
Mean	4.4	b	5.9	a	5.7	a	4.8	b	5.1	b	5.7	a	4.7	b	6.6	a			20.8
	Crop year 2021/22
0	0.8		1.0		0.9		1.3		1.0		1.2		1.2		1.0		1.0	ns
90	1.3		1.0		1.0		1.1		1.9		1.1		1.2		1.5		1.3		38.8
180	1.1		1.0		1.0		1.3		1.5		0.6		1.2		1.8		1.1
Mean	1.1	ns	1.0		1.0		1.2		1.5		1.0		1.2		1.1				42.2
	Crop year 2022/23
0	1.5	bB	3.0	bB	4.9	aB	2.9	bC	1.2	bC	6.6	aA	3.0	bB	4.6	aB	3.4
90	6.0	bA	8.8	aA	8.4	aA	6.3	bB	5.5	bB	7.8	aA	7.8	aA	6.5	bA	7.2		18.9
180	7.5	aA	8.4	aA	9.2	aA	8.3	aA	7.5	aA	7.1	aA	8.5	aA	7.8	aA	8.0
Mean	5.0		6.7		7.5		5.8		4.7		7.2		6.4		6.3				24.6

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