In vitro Antioxidant Activity and In vivo Anti-inflammatory Effect of Ricinus communis (L.) and Withania somnifera (L.) Hydroalcoholic Extracts in Rats

Hussain, Asif; Aslam, Bilal; Muhammad, Faqir; Faisal, Muhammad Naeem

doi:10.1590/1678-4324-2021200783

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Article - Human and Animal Health • Braz. arch. biol. technol. 64 • 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4324-2021200783 copy

In vitro Antioxidant Activity and In vivo Anti-inflammatory Effect of Ricinus communis (L.) and Withania somnifera (L.) Hydroalcoholic Extracts in Rats

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

HIGHLIGHTS

Ricinus communis and Withania somnifera extracts contain considerable polyphenol compounds.

R. communis and W. somnifera extracts showed significant in vitro antioxidant activities.

R. communis and W. somnifera extracts markedly inhibited xylene-induced ear edema in rats.

Both herbal extracts significantly reduced paw edema induced by egg albumin and carrageenan.

Abstract

Ricinus communis L. and Withania somnifera L. have traditionally been used as analgesic and anti-inflammatory remedies. The current study was aimed to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant potential and anti-inflammatory activity of hydroalcoholic extract of R. communis leaves (RCE) and W. somnifera roots (WSE) in Wistar rats. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were quantified and in vitro antioxidant activity of extracts was determined through DPPH* scavenging, superoxide anion scavenging and reducing power activities, while anti-inflammatory activity was observed by xylene-induced ear edema and paw edema induced by egg albumin and carrageenan. RCE and WSE demonstrated considerable antioxidant activity in DPPH* scavenging (IC₅₀: 250.10 and 309.42 µg/mL), superoxide anion scavenging (IC₅₀: 193.42 and 206.81 ug/mL), and reducing power (maximum absorbance: 1.47±0.01 O.D and 1.28±0.01 O.D at 500 ug/mL) activities, respectively, with high phenolic and flavonoid contents. Both extracts showed dose-dependent edema inhibition in inflammation models. A maximum ear edema inhibitions by RCE (51.49±2.54%) and WSE (49.28±1.90%) at 500 mg/kg were observed when compared to indomethacin (56.42±13.17%) in xylene-induced ear edema. RCE and WSE showed a maximum percentage of paw edema inhibitions of 46.62±8.98% and 43.00±12.44%, respectively as compared to chlorpheniramine (62.02±12.21%) after 4 h in the egg albumin model. In carrageenan-induced paw edema, RCE (72.88±13.79%) significantly inhibited paw edema in comparison to WSE (57.81±17.43%) against diclofenac (89.93±18.53%). Conclusively, both plants have shown plausible antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities that might be due to high phenolic and flavonoid contents. Moreover, RCE demonstrated more promising effects than WSE.

Keywords:
Ricinus communis; Withania somnifera; Antioxidants; Inflammation; Carrageenan

Treatment	Dose	Difference (mg)	Inhibition (%)
Control (vehicle)	3 mL/kg	7.71±0.28	---
Indomethacin	10 mg/kg	3.36±0.15***	56.42±1.79
RCE	150 mg/kg	6.12±0.21***^###	20.62±2.62^###
RCE	250 mg/kg	4.41±0.11***^###	42.80±2.60^###
RCE	500 mg/kg	3.74±0.19***^#	51.49±2.54
WSE	150 mg/kg	6.30±0.10***^###	18.29±2.43^###
WSE	250 mg/kg	5.18±0.33***^###	32.81±4.94^###
WSE	500 mg/kg	3.91±0.13***^##	49.28±1.90^##

Treatment	Paw edema (mm)/(% Inhibition)
	Pre-treated	Post-treated
	Pre-treated	0.5 h	1 h	2 h	3 h	4 h
Control	5.30±0.21	8.19±0.10	9.21±0.23	9.01±0.17	8.79±0.26	8.36±0.29
CPM (60 mg/kg)	5.40±0.16	6.84±0.29*** (50.13±11.32)	7.24±0.27*** (52.78±8.21)	7.11±0.30*** (53.59±10.14)	6.92±0.35*** (56.42±13.17)	6.56±0.28*** (62.02±12.21)
RCE (150 mg/kg)	5.38±0.11	7.84±0.37^### (15.57±12.86^###)	8.21±0.27***^### (27.62±7.20^##)	8.04±0.29***^### (28.41±6.46^##)	7.72±0.26***^### (32.95±10.73^##)	7.37±0.20***^### (34.73±9.41^###)
RCE (250 mg/kg)	5.35±0.19	7.36±0.20***^# (30.52±7.47^#)	7.91±0.24***^## (34.07±11.23)	7.67±0.23***^# (36.93±10.25)	7.34±0.29*** (42.85±11.60)	7.00±0.26*** (45.66±12.82)
RCE (500 mg/kg)	5.30±0.21	7.16±0.21*** (35.98±3.98)	7.69±0.46*** (38.87±10.31)	7.50±0.44*** (41.09±8.79)	7.28±0.44*** (43.70±10.66)	6.95±0.43*** (46.62±8.98)
WSE (150 mg/kg)	5.33±0.19	7.94±0.42^### (10.32±13.72^###)	8.17±0.43***^### (27.81±7.96^##)	8.02±0.42***^### (27.99±7.79^##)	7.75±0.40***^### (30.73±12.49^##)	7.41±0.40***^### (32.25±12.48^###)
WSE (250 mg/kg)	5.40±0.16	7.53±0.23**^## (26.19±7.01^##)	8.04±0.42***^### (31.89±11.76^#)	7.81±0.44***^## (34.33±13.94^#)	7.42±0.44*** (41.64±14.60)	7.23±0.23***^## (39.73±14.19^##)
WSE (500 mg/kg)	5.37±0.23	7.32±0.19*** (31.51±9.51)	7.82±0.26***^# (36.01±12.78)	7.60±0.25*** (38.79±10.41)	7.39±0.22*** (41.07±11.56)	7.08±0.25*** (43.00±12.44^#)

Treatment	Paw edema (mm)/(% Inhibition)
	Pre-treated	Post-treated
	Pre-treated	1 h	2 h	3 h	4 h	6 h
Control	5.11±0.18	7.77±0.01	7.82±0.18	7.57±0.24	7.29±0.23	6.49±0.10
Diclofenac (50 mg/kg)	5.05±0.22	5.99±0.41*** (61.86±22.44)	5.82±0.32*** (70.69±16.26)	5.69±0.18*** (73.18±13.11)	5.47±0.19*** (80.52±13.43)	5.18±0.16*** (89.93±18.53)
RCE (150 mg/kg)	5.20±0.35	6.76±0.19***^### (38.37±20.52^#)	6.64±0.18***^### (45.39±15.53^#)	6.62±0.23***^### (40.50±15.77^##)	6.35±0.30***^### (45.59±18.22^##)	6.09±0.32^### (36.43±21.09^###)
RCE (250 mg/kg)	5.44±0.22	6.59±0.21***^## (54.30±20.66)	6.36±0.19***^## (65.68±14.23)	6.21±0.28***^# (67.23±21.41)	6.09±0.17***^## (68.71±18.43^#)	5.96±0.21*^### (61.27±23.88^#)
RCE (500 mg/kg)	5.37±0.11	6.32±0.35*** (62.84±17.76)	6.27±0.36*** (67.22±8.61)	6.15±0.35*** (68.51±10.42)	6.01±0.32***^# (71.13±11.47^#)	5.74±0.23***^## (72.88±13.79^#)
WSE (150 mg/kg)	5.30±0.32	6.86±0.22***^### (38.79±16.72^#)	6.70±0.19***^### (46.83±13.30^#)	6.68±0.23***^### (42.36±14.43^##)	6.42±0.18***^### (46.78±17.13^##)	6.18±0.27^### (33.15±30.32^###)
WSE (250 mg/kg)	5.24±0.32	6.48±0.19***^# (51.14±18.51)	6.39±0.21***^## (55.89±19.34)	6.35±0.28***^### (52.72±23.90^#)	6.19±0.26***^### (53.88±23.09^#)	6.04±0.23^### (50.04±20.27^##)
WSE (500 mg/kg)	5.43±0.31	6.43±0.25*** (62.26±7.03)	6.29±0.27***^# (68.23±9.57)	6.20±0.32***^# (69.35±10.22)	6.18±0.33***^### (66.28±9.31^#)	6.02±0.32*^### (57.81±17.43^#)

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