Biological and Oxidative Effect of Ellagic Acid on Saccharomyces cerevisiae: A New Way for Culture Developing

Abstract

In this study, the effects of Ellagic acid (EA) on protein expression in yeasts and cellular development were investigated. Four groups were formed. Groups: 1) Control group; yeast only cultivated group; 2) Ellagic Acid (EA) group: EA (10%) given group; 3) Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) Group: The group given H₂O₂ (15 mM); 4) EA + H₂O₂ group: EA (10%) + H₂O₂ (15 mM) group. After sterilization, EA (10%) and H₂O₂ (15 mM) were added to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) cultures and the cultures were grown at 30 °C for 1 hour, 3 hours, 5 hours and 24 hours (overnight). S. cerevisiae cell growth, lipid peroxidation MDA (malondialdehyde) analysis and GSH (glutathione) level were analyzed by spectrophotometer. Total protein changes were determined by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis and measured by the Bradford method. According to the obtained results, compared with the H₂O₂ group, cell development (1, 3, 5 and 24 hours), GSH level and total protein synthesis (24 hours) were increased with EA, while MDA level (24 hours) decreased. These results show that EA reduces oxidative damage, increases cell growth and it has a protective effect to promote protein synthesis in S. cerevisiae culture.

Keywords:
Ellagic acid; H₂O₂; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; SDS-PAGE

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

HIGHLIGHTS

Ellagic acid (EA) reduces oxidative damage and thus it can protect S. cerevisiae against to ROS.

SDS-PAGE results reveal that EA induces total protein synthesis.

EA induces S. cerevisiae cell development and it reduces MDA levels and it increases GSH levels.

INTRODUCTION

The use of natural antioxidants instead of traditional treatments is thought to be an effective and safe alternative treatment [¹,²]. Recently, herbal medicines have gained importance and popularity due to their reliability, effectiveness and low cost [³]. With the recent studies, it is stated that ellagic acid (EA) is one of the substances that have antioxidant, antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic properties naturally found in phenol structure in plants [⁴,⁵]. EA, 2,3,7,8-tetrahydroxy benzopyrene (5,4,3 cde) is a member of benzopyran-5,10-dione flavanoids. It is found in plants in the form of hydrolyzable tannins called ellagitannin. It contains four hydroxyl groups and two lactone groups known to protect cells from oxidative damage. Also, hydroxyl group is known to increase antioxidant activity in lipid peroxidation [⁶]. It is found in various plant species such as pomegranate, strawberry, grape, blackberry and raspberry. Due to its antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties, it has hepato, neuro and cardio protective properties [⁷,⁸]. It directly removes reactive oxygen species, hydroxyl radicals and hydrogen peroxide radicals. It also indirectly activates cellular antioxidant enzyme systems and prevents oxidative stress [⁹]. It has been reported to be effective in regression of various tumor types including lung cancer, colorectal carcinoma, esophageal cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, tongue cancer, breast cancer, bladder cancer and prostate cancer [¹⁰]. It has been determined that EA provides defense against oxidative stress, improves insulin resistance and exerts antidiabetic activity thanks to its powerful antioxidant activity [¹¹]. It was observed that EA decreased MDA levels, increased GSH, GPx, SOD and catalase activities and antioxidant status significantly improved [¹²].

S. cerevisiae is widely used as a cellular model to determine the antioxidant capacity of food and beverages. Because this model organism constitutes cellular response to oxidative stress and defense functions involved in this response [¹³,¹⁴]. Since their genetic structure and cellular properties are well known, its use continues to spread day by day and therefore it is one of the most preferred microorganisms in scientific studies. It is always used as model microorganisms in academical investigations. Recently, different fruit extracts which has rich in antioxidants, minerals and vitamins have been used on yeasts in many studies. Oxidative damage can be fully or partly abolished with assorted foods with powerful antioxidant efficacy. Numerous works revealed that various fruit ingredient raises cellular growing in yeasts, induces protein synthesis and monitored the preservative effect against to oxidative stress [¹⁵].

In this study the effects of EA on cellular growth and protein expression in S. cerevisiae were investigated. We believe that the results obtained from this study will contribute to the current literature.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Research Groups and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Development Conditions

In this research, 4 groups were formed. Groups:

1. Control group; yeast only cultivated group;

2. Ellagic Acid (EA) group: EA (10%) given group;

3. Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) Group: the group given H₂O₂ (15mM);

4. EA + H₂O₂ group: EA (10%) + H₂O₂ (15 mM) group.

For growth and cultivation of yeasts, EA was added to YEPD (50 ml: 1.5g yeast extract, 1.5 g tryptone, 1.5g glucose) and improved for growth of S. cerevisiae [¹⁶,¹⁷].

Application of Ellagic Acid (EA) and Hydrogen Peroxide (H₂O₂) to S. cerevisiae cultures

Ellagic acid (A15722) from Alfa Aesar (Germany) and H₂O₂ Merck (USA) were purchased. The prepared media for the growth and propagation of the yeasts were equally divided into 50 ml in 5 flasks. After waiting at 121^oC in the autoclave for 1 hour, it was removed and cooled. In addition to the burner flame, 800 μL of yeast was planted in each flask. After waiting in the oven for 20 minutes, blind measurement was made. Then, H₂O₂ and EA extract were added to the other flasks removed from the oven besides the burner flame. For the preparation of 10% extract; 10g EA was dissolved in 100 mL distilled water. According to the content of the groups, 5 mL of EA extract and 300 μL of H₂O₂ were added to S. cerevisiae culture and developed at 30°C [¹⁶,¹⁸].

Cell Development Measurements

Culture samples were developed at 30°C for 1 hour, 3 hours, 5 hours and 24 hours (overnight) and measured using a spectrophotometer at 600 nm (OD₆₀₀) wavelength.

Protein Isolation for SDS-PAGE

1 mL of S. cerevisiae sample was taken and centrifuged at 13000 rpm for 5 minutes. The pellet was dissolved in 500 μl TEA (pH: 7.5). The cells were kept in ice for 5 minutes after being disintegrated twice for 10 seconds at power 2 with a sonicator (Bandelin Sonopuls, Germany). After centrifuging at 13000 rpm for 10 minutes, the supernatant was removed. For SDS-PAGE, an equal amount of sample was mixed with the protein staining solution and made ready to use for electrophoresis [¹⁸].

Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) Analysis

Protein samples of S. cerevisiae were added to the wells and boiled for 5 minutes by adding equal amounts of SDS-PAGE sample solution. For electrophoresis, 1 x tank buffer used and 20mA current applied until the blue band of the dye (bromophenol blue), which enables the movement of proteins in the gel, reaches the end of the gel. The gel stained with Coomassie blue for 30 min-1 hour at room temperature after electrophoresis. Then, the protein bands in the gel washed with paint-removing solution until they become visible. Protein bands between groups examined by taking gel images.

The weights of standard proteins used in the study are as follows; 11 kDa, 17 kDa, 20 kDa, 25 kDa, 35 kDa, 48 kDa, 63 kDa, 75 kDa, 180 kDa [¹⁶,¹⁷].

Total Protein Density Measurements

Total protein density was determined by spectrophotometer at 595 nm (OD₅₉₅) according to the bradford method. Protein standards were obtained at different concentrations using Bowine Serum Albumin (BSA) protein. Accordingly, the total amount of protein in the S. cerevisiae groups were calculated [¹³,¹⁴].

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Malondialdehyde (MDA) Analysis

200 µL sample was taken from the groups. %20 of 1.5 mL of acetic acid (pH: 3.5) and 0.8% (pH: 3.5) of thiobarbituric acid (TBA) and 200 µL of 8.1% SDS were added. After adding distilled water to the final volume of 4 ml, it was kept in a boiling water bath at 95^oC for 1 hour. Then, 1 mL distilled water in a 15: 1 (v/v) rate was added from a 5 mL mixture of n-butanol-pyridine and vortexed. After centrifuging at 4000 rpm for 15 min. the upper organic layer was taken and measured spectrophotometrically at 532 nm wavelength. The results were recorded in nmol/mL [¹⁶,¹⁷,¹⁹].

Glutathione (GSH) Levels Measurement

For the determination of the total amount of GSH, test tubes were prepared according to the working scheme. 0.3 M 2 mL Na₂HPO₄ and 0.4% 250 µL DTNB were added to 250 µL tissue homogenate. In addition, 250 µL of distilled water was added to the blind group and the vortexed. The intensity of the color formed in the samples kept at room temperature for 5 minutes and was read at the spectrophotometer at 410 nm [²⁰].

Statistical Analysis

All data were evaluated with variance analysis in SPSS 22 packet program. One Way Anova Post Hoc LSD tests were used to determine the differences between the groups. For the reliability of the statistics, measurements were made with at least 3 repetitions.

RESULTS

Figure 1
A: Cell growth, B: Standard protein of bradford bovine serum albumin (BSA), C: Supernatant total protein density, D: Pellet total protein density, E: MDA standard, F: MDA levels, G: GSH levels.

When the results of Table 1 and Figure 1A are examined, it is seen that there are statistically significant (p <0.05) differences between the groups. It appears that EA increased cell growth.

Table 1
Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell growth in ellagic acid.

Groups	1h	3h	5h	Overnight
Control	0.88 ± 0.02c	1.18 ± 0.02c	1.40 ± 0.02c	1.80 ± 0.02c
EA	2.20 ± 0.02a	2.30 ± 0.02a	2.28 ± 0.03a	2.29 ± 0.02a
H2O2	2.23 ± 0.02d	0.20 ± 0.02d	0.44 ± 0.02d	1.20 ± 0.02d
EA + H2O2	1.48 ± 0.02b	2.27 ± 0.03b	2.31 ± 0.03b	2.28 ± 0.03b

• ^**a,b,c,d, among the groups which bearing of different letter are significant (p<0.05). One way Anova Post Hoc LSD test.

When the bradford protein results given in Table 2,3 and Figure 1B,C,D are examined, we can say that EA increases protein synthesis in yeasts. The protein concentration was observed higher in the EA added yeast groups compared to the control group.

Table 2
Bradford supernatant protein density

Groups (Supernatant)	Total Protein Density (µg/mL)
Control	7.41 ± 0.02a
EA	7.52 ± 0.03a
H2O2	2.08 ± 0.02c
EA + H2O2	5.20 ± 0.02b

• ^a-c: Among the groups which bearing of different letter are significant (p<0.05).One way Anova Post Hoc LSD test.

Table 3
Bradford pellet protein density

Groups (Pellet)	Total Protein Density (µg/mL)
Control	89.02 ± 0.02a
EA	90.05 ± 0.03a
H2O2	42.70 ± 0.02c
EA + H2O2	69.05 ± 0.03b

• ^a-c: Among the groups which bearing of different letter are significant (p<0.05). One way Anova Post Hoc LSD test.

When the SDS-PAGE pellet protein bands in Figure 2 were examined, it was observed that EA has a positive effect on protein expression in S. cerevisiae.

Figure 2
SDS-PAGE pellet total protein band profiles for development at 30°C. Lanes 1: Marker 2: Control 3: EA 4: H₂O₂; 5: EA+ H₂O_2.

When the MDA levels given in Table 4, Figure 1E, F were examined, there was no statistically significant difference between the control and EA (10%) groups. The highest MDA level was measured in the H₂O₂ group. MDA level was lower in EA (10%) + H₂O₂ (15 mM) group than H₂O₂. These results suggest that EA is an effective antioxidant in MDA levels due to lipid peroxidation in S. cerevisiae.

Table 4
MDA Levels

Groups	MDA Levels (nmol/mL)
Control	3.42 ± 0.02c
EA	3.30 ± 0.02c
H2O2	4.60 ± 0.03a
EA + H2O2	4.00 ± 0.02b

• ^a-c: Among the groups which bearing of different letter are significant (p<0.05). One way Anova Post Hoc LSD test.

When we examine the GSH levels in our results (Table 5 and Figure 1G), GSH level was the lowest in H₂O₂ group and significantly increased in EA (10%) + H₂O₂ (15 mM) group.

Table 5
GSH Levels

Groups	GSH Levels
Control	11.59 ± 0.02a
EA	12.06 ± 0.02a
H2O2	8.95 ± 0.04c
EA + H2O2	10.02 ± 0.02b

• ^a-c: Among the groups which bearing of different letter are significant (p<0.05). One way Anova Post Hoc LSD test.

DISCUSSION

This work and our previous works have some similar results. In our before studies, It has been determined that grape seed extract (GSE) increases cell growth and it has inhibitive effect against to H₂O₂ GSE promotes protein synthesis in S. cerevisiae [¹⁶]. Also, it was determined that tomato extract (TE) increases the cell development against chromium damage in S. cerevisiae and when total protein results examined, TE increases protein synthesis in S. cerevisiae [¹⁷]. In our other study, it was found that the harmful effects of the H₂O₂ radical were eliminated with pomegranate juice and it induced synthesis of S. cerevisiae cell proteins. However, it has been reported pomegranate juice have a protective role in reducing oxidative damage in S. cerevisiae [²¹]. In our another study it has been determined that EA has a protective role in the treatment of lung injury and this may have the potential to be used as a future drug for the prevention of lung diseases [²²]. Padma and coauthors [²³], indicated that EA increases GSH activity in kidney tissue and significantly reduces MDA level. Yang and coauthors [²⁴], stated that there was a significant increase in MDA levels and a decrease in GSH levels in the H₂O₂ treated group with in vascular smooth muscle cells compared to the control group. In our study, when the MDA level was evaluated on the basis of groups, there was no statistically significant difference between control and EA groups. However, the H₂O₂ and EA (10%) + H₂O₂ (15 mM) groups were statistically different (p<0.05) compared to the control group, and the highest MDA level was found in the H₂O₂ (15 mM) group.

Salem and coauthors [²⁵], reported that EA has a protective role against oxidative damage in rat liver. Aslan and coauthors [²⁶], remarked that kiwi extract has a protective role to reduce oxidative damage and increase cell growth and protein synthesis in S. cerevisiae cell cultures. It was reported that EA and gallic acid isolated from P. granatum have antiinflammatory effects [²⁷]. Lin and Yin [²⁸], stated that EA has protective effects against inflammatory and apoptotic stress. They found that intake of EA reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and MDA levels, depending on the dose. Rubila and coauthors [²⁹], investigated the protective effects of ginger against lymph tumor and they stated that ginger has a strong antitumor effect. They also found out that ginger levels decreased MDA levels and increased GSH levels. According to the similar results in our study, GSH levels were found high in EA (10%) + H₂O₂ (15 mM) group compared to the H₂O₂ (15 mM) group with EA application. Aslan [³⁰], indicated that the juice groups taken at different growth times (1, 3, 5 and 72 hours) of banana, strawberry, apple, cherry, watermelon and peach increase cell growth and reduce oxidative stress. Fatima and coauthors [¹¹], examined the antidiabetic effect of EA and it was concluded that it effective in preventing diabetes by providing antioxidant defense in pancreatic cells. Du and coauthors [³¹], reported that C. tinctoria is an antioxidant and antiinflammatory plant used in the treatment of pancreatic disorders in rats. Shirpoor and coauthors [³²], investigated the protective effect of ginger extract on ethanol-induced damage in rats. They indicated that ginger, which has antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties, can reduce oxidative DNA damage and oxidative stress caused by ethanol. Wang and coauthors [³³], revealed that kiwi fruit has antioxidant properties and is protective for human health. Aslan [³⁴], stated that mulberry extract important protection against H₂O₂ damage and it increases the growth of S. cerevisiae cells. Gok [³⁵], indicated that EA reduces the rate of liver damage in wistar albino rats. Girish and Pradhan [³⁶], reported that after treatment with EA picrolib and curcumin liver MDA levels in mice were reduced and antioxidant status improved. Zhao and coauthors [³⁷], showed the protective effect of EGCG (epigallocatechin gallate) against γ-radiation-induced mortality and cell death of normal cells.

Aslan and coauthors [³⁸], researched the protective role of EA in rats that caused liver damage with carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) and they concluded that EA decreased MDA levels. They remarked that EA consumption has an important role in relieving intestinal inflammation and related side diseases [³⁹]. Khan and coauthors [⁴⁰], studied the effect of pine needles and vitamin E powder on blood biochemistry of female Japanese quail. They stated that adding pine needles and vitamin E to female Japanese quail feed increases improved female quail performance and serum antioxidant system. Aslan et al. [⁴¹], investigated the protective role of EA against muscle damage in CCl₄-induced rats. Compared to CCl₄ group, they revealed that in EA given groups, GSH level increased while MDA levels decreased. Zhao and coauthors [⁴²], found that green tea polyphenols (GTPs), especially its main active ingredient, EGCG, have significant neuroprotective and neuropervative effects against a variety of brain injuries, including some neurodegenerative diseases. In present study, it was observed that total pellet protein density and supernatant total protein density increased significantly in EA (10%) + H₂O₂ (15mM) group compared to the H₂O₂ (15 mM) group. Popovic and coauthors [⁴³], found out that Cranberry (Cornus mas L.) fruit inhibits lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress. Aslan and coauthors [⁴⁴], indicated that according to the control group, in the pomegranate juice (PJ) groups, fatty acid synthesis, vitamin content and cell density increased and it was stated that more banding was observed in PJ groups compared to the control. As a result, this investigations showed us that EA extract provides a strong protection against damage in S. cerevisiae thanks to its antioxidant properties.

CONCLUSION

The present study reveals the inhibitory effect of EA against cell death in S. cerevisiae. The results of the present study illustrate that EA significantly reduces oxidative damage and thus has a positive effect on yeast growth (Figure 3). It also may have similar effects on humans as its effects on S. cerevisiae.

Figure 3
The effect of ellagic acid on S. cerevisiae cell growth, protein synthesis, GSH and MDA levels.

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• Funding:

  This article have been presented as orally at participation in the 9^th National Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Congress 18-20 December 2020.

Edited by

Editor-in-Chief:

Alexandre Rasi Aoki

Associate Editor:

Sinvaldo Baglie

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  05 July 2021
• Date of issue
  2021

History

• Received
  04 Jan 2021
• Accepted
  28 Apr 2021