Effects of Hybrid Drying on Kinetics, Energy Analysis and Bioactive Properties of Sour Black Mulberry (Morus nigra L.)

Çetin, Necati; Turan, Sibel; Gürcan, Kahraman; Türkay, Şeyda Nur; Duman, Şüheda; Karaman, Kevser

doi:10.1590/1678-4324-2023220250

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Article - Food/Feed Science and Technology • Braz. arch. biol. technol. 66 • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4324-2023220250 copy

Effects of Hybrid Drying on Kinetics, Energy Analysis and Bioactive Properties of Sour Black Mulberry (Morus nigra L.)

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Due to the short harvest season and their sensitivity to storage, the preservation of fresh mulberry fruits is a very important process. Drying is a method used to preserve mulberry fruits in the long term. In this study, response surface methodology (RSM) was applied for the optimization of hybrid drying conditions of two different sour black mulberries. The linear and interaction effects of independent parameters such as temperature (50, 60 and 70°C) and microwave power (100, 200 and 300 W) variables were determined on mulberries. Bioactive properties and energy aspects were monitored as influenced by drying conditions. According to the results increase in microwave power provided a significant decrement in the specific energy consumption (SEC) and the total anthocyanin content (TAC), while increase in the energy efficiency (η_en) and total phenolic content (TPC) for both genotypes. In all cases, statistical values showed that all drying curves of black mulberry were best described by the Logistic model. Multiple response optimization was carried out for studied parameters and it was concluded that maximum antiradical activity (ARA), TPC, TAC, η_en and minimum drying time (DT) and SEC values would be at 300 W-50 ºC (desirability=0.842) and 300 W-66.5 ºC (desirability=0.744), for Morus nigra 1 (MN1) and Morus nigra 2 (MN2), respectively. According to the finding, the greatest TPC, ARA, TAC, DT, SEC and η_en were determined as 20.10 mg GAE/g, 86.00%, 456 mg/kg, 330 min, 18.59 kWh/kg and 9.04% for MN1, and 18.08 mg GAE/g, 83.92%, 835.81 mg/kg, 330 min, 16.16 kWh/kg and 10.40 % for MN2, respectively.

Keywords:
Morus nigra L; energy; modeling; phenolics; anthocyanin

HIGHLIGHTS

• Sour black mulberries were evaluated in terms of drying method.

• Logistic model showed the best fitting performance.

• Specific energy consumption increased with increase in microwave power.

• Increase in the temperature caused a significant decrease in anthocyanin content.

No	Models	Page		Henderson & Pabis		Wang & Singh		Logistic		Newton		Two-term
No	Cultivar	MN1	MN2	MN1	MN2	MN1	MN2	MN1	MN2	MN1	MN2	MN1	MN2
1	R²	0.9910	0.9978	0.9556	0.9808	0.9977	0.9992	0.9951	0.9983	0.9438	0.9735	0.9556	0.9808
	RMSE	0.0303	0.0130	0.0757	0.0523	0.0633	0.0402	0.0207	0.0130	0.0757	0.0523	0.0633	0.0402
	χ²	1.05x10^-3	1.91x10^-4	6.55x10^-3	3.08x10^-3	4.58x10^-3	1.82x10^-3	5.28x10^-4	2.04x10^-4	6.12x10^-3	2.90x10^-3	5.34x10^-3	2.08x10^-3
2	R²	0.9990	0.9991	0.9823	0.9976	0.9889	0.9728	0.9989	0.9985	0.9768	0.9974	0.9823	0.9976
	RMSE	0.0139	0.0112	0.0481	0.0147	0.0380	0.0140	0.0105	0.0112	0.0481	0.0147	0.0380	0.0140
	χ²	2.20x10^-4	1.41x10^-4	2.62x10^-3	2.42x10^-4	1.64x10^-3	2.20x10^-4	1.34x10^-4	1.50x10^-4	2.46x10^-3	2.27x10^-4	1.89x10^-3	2.51x10^-4
3	R²	0.9975	0.9896	0.9884	0.9851	0.9981	0.9916	0.9985	0.9921	0.9860	0.9847	0.9884	0.9851
	RMSE	0.0158	0.0254	0.0371	0.0377	0.0316	0.0370	0.0116	0.0254	0.0371	0.0377	0.0316	0.0370
	χ²	2.91x10^-4	7.53x10^-4	1.60x10^-3	1.66x10^-3	1.16x10^-3	1.60x10^-3	1.70x10^-4	8.22x10^-4	1.48x10^-3	1.53x10^-3	1.40x10^-3	1.92x10^-3
4	R²	0.9869	0.9709	0.9797	0.9733	0.9894	0.9494	0.9902	0.9746	0.9784	0.9697	0.9797	0.9732
	RMSE	0.0235	0.0300	0.0297	0.0389	0.0286	0.0311	0.0152	0.0300	0.0297	0.0389	0.0286	0.0311
	χ²	6.04x10^-4	9.85x10^-4	9.65x10^-4	1.66x10^-3	8.96x10^-4	1.06x10^-3	2.64x10^-4	1.03x10^-3	9.21x10^-4	1.58x10^-3	9.90x10^-4	1.17x10^-3
5	R²	0.9894	0.9914	0.9590	0.9866	0.9955	0.9930	0.9940	0.9931	0.9509	0.9859	0.9590	0.9866
	RMSE	0.0336	0.0242	0.0723	0.0359	0.0628	0.0344	0.0228	0.0242	0.0723	0.0359	0.0628	0.0344
	χ²	1.30x10^-3	6.78x10^-4	6.03x10^-3	1.49x10^-3	4.55x10^-3	1.36x10^-3	6.53x10^-4	7.35x10^-4	5.60x10^-3	1.38x10^-3	5.38x10^-3	1.61x10^-3
6	R²	0.9976	0.9909	0.9820	0.9870	0.9983	0.9920	0.9986	0.9923	0.9779	0.9868	0.9820	0.9870
	RMSE	0.0158	0.0271	0.0483	0.0366	0.0402	0.0360	0.0121	0.0271	0.0483	0.0366	0.0402	0.0360
	χ²	3.14x10^-4	9.20x10^-4	2.91x10^-3	1.68x10^-3	2.02x10^-3	1.62x10^-3	2.08x10^-4	1.05x10^-3	2.59x10^-3	1.49x10^-3	2.70x10^-3	2.16x10^-3
7	R²	0.9900	0.9787	0.9698	0.9745	0.9973	0.9835	0.9936	0.9804	0.9658	0.9740	0.9934	0.9894
	RMSE	0.0328	0.0427	0.0605	0.0500	0.0266	0.0319	0.0241	0.0427	0.0605	0.0500	0.0266	0.0319
	χ²	1.27x10^-3	2.16x10^-3	4.33x10^-3	2.96x10^-3	8.34x10^-4	1.21x10^-3	7.52x10^-4	2.37x10^-3	3.97x10^-3	2.71x10^-3	1.02x10^-3	1.47x10^-3
8	R²	0.9941	0.9973	0.9571	0.9910	0.9931	0.9950	0.9971	0.9978	0.9465	0.9894	0.9936	0.9981
	RMSE	0.0259	0.0144	0.0781	0.0322	0.0266	0.0136	0.0165	0.0144	0.0781	0.0322	0.0266	0.0136
	χ²	7.80x10^-4	2.42x10^-4	7.12x10^-3	1.21x10^-3	8.26x10^-4	2.17x10^-4	3.48x10^-4	2.64x10^-4	6.57x10^-3	1.11x10^-3	9.92x10^-4	2.60x10^-4
9	R²	0.9852	0.9770	0.9818	0.9753	0.9882	0.9106	0.9902	0.9753	0.9818	0.9639	0.9930	0.9952
	RMSE	0.0352	0.0358	0.0391	0.0491	0.0241	0.0179	0.0251	0.0358	0.0391	0.0491	0.0241	0.0179
	χ²	1.36x10^-3	1.41x10^-3	1.67x10^-3	2.65x10^-3	6.34x10^-4	3.53x10^-4	7.24x10^-4	1.49x10^-3	1.60x10^-3	2.53x10^-3	7.01x10^-4	3.92x10^-4
10	R²	0.9899	0.9939	0.9538	0.9913	0.9942	0.9860	0.9935	0.9939	0.9449	0.9906	0.9943	0.9967
	RMSE	0.0336	0.0241	0.0786	0.0300	0.0251	0.0177	0.0253	0.0241	0.0786	0.0300	0.0251	0.0177
	χ²	1.38x10^-3	6.87x10^-4	7.55x10^-3	1.07x10^-3	7.71x10^-4	3.72x10^-4	8.82x10^-4	7.56x10^-4	6.80x10^-3	9.78x10^-4	9.92x10^-4	4.54x10^-4
11	R²	0.9951	0.9884	0.9843	0.9804	0.9988	0.9939	0.9964	0.9903	0.9816	0.9791	0.9990	0.9939
	RMSE	0.0210	0.0298	0.0405	0.0444	0.0082	0.0229	0.0173	0.0298	0.0405	0.0444	0.0082	0.0229
	χ²	5.15x10^-4	1.04x10^-3	1.92x10^-3	2.30x10^-3	7.75x10^-5	6.14x10^-4	3.82x10^-4	1.13x10^-3	1.77x10^-3	2.12x10^-3	9.30x10^-5	7.37x10^-4
12	R²	0.9897	0.9958	0.9758	0.9861	0.9977	0.9977	0.9924	0.9969	0.9731	0.9839	0.9971	0.9977
	RMSE	0.0325	0.0171	0.0526	0.0403	0.0173	0.0150	0.0266	0.0171	0.0526	0.0403	0.0173	0.0150
	χ²	1.29x10^-3	3.43x10^-4	3.38x10^-3	1.89x10^-3	3.66x10^-4	2.62x10^-4	9.75x10^-4	3.74x10^-4	3.04x10^-3	1.75x10^-3	4.70x10^-4	3.15x10^-4
13	R²	0.9878	0.9840	0.9835	0.9838	0.9899	0.9759	0.9910	0.9858	0.9833	0.9837	0.9953	0.9959
	RMSE	0.0332	0.0330	0.0389	0.0369	0.0205	0.0184	0.0264	0.0330	0.0389	0.0369	0.0205	0.0184
	χ²	1.25x10^-3	1.24x10^-3	1.71x10^-3	1.54x10^-3	4.76x10^-4	3.85x10^-4	8.46x10^-4	1.33x10^-3	1.61x10^-3	1.45x10^-3	5.49x10^-4	4.45x10^-4

Runs	MWP (Watt)	T (ºC)	MN1						MN2
Runs	MWP (Watt)	T (ºC)	TPC (mg GAE/g)	ARA (%)	TAC (mg/kg)	DT (min)	SEC (kWh/kg)	η_en (%)	TPC (mg GAE/g)	ARA (%)	TAC (mg/kg)	DT (min)	SEC (kWh/kg)	η_en (%)
1	300	60	18.94	82.71	252.14	45	6.49	8.04	10.07	69.83	772.63	51	6.47	8.37
2	200	60	13.63	73.00	281.42	112	10.88	4.79	11.52	65.75	528.41	119	10.34	5.24
3	200	60	16.27	70.58	157.28	91	8.89	5.87	11.69	64.67	522.71	91	7.92	6.83
4	100	60	12.78	62.58	440.65	330	18.59	2.80	9.27	62.25	787.94	330	16.16	3.35
5	300	50	19.08	83.88	258.16	42	5.96	8.83	10.45	69.50	609.58	42	5.35	10.23
6	200	50	19.07	79.13	185.18	90	8.56	6.15	8.79	55.83	651.12	90	7.39	7.40
7	200	60	15.98	76.04	155.59	84	8.10	6.44	11.30	64.33	576.99	84	7.33	7.38
8	300	70	16.16	86.00	239.40	39	5.71	9.04	18.08	83.92	163.49	39	5.15	10.40
9	100	50	10.25	63.71	456.26	315	12.07	4.36	8.77	57.71	835.81	315	10.70	5.11
10	200	70	20.10	79.29	130.93	70	7.18	7.18	14.69	76.88	346.21	84	7.54	7.11
11	200	60	18.74	75.42	76.53	91	8.75	5.96	13.58	70.50	558.05	91	7.97	6.79
12	200	60	16.61	81.54	150.61	70	6.82	7.64	12.69	70.42	586.14	91	7.87	6.88
13	100	70	16.09	73.96	271.72	240	16.18	3.19	9.64	57.58	460.93	240	14.55	3.68

Source	df	MN1						MN2
Source	df	TPC	ARA	TAC	DT	SEC	η_en	TPC	ARA	TAC	DT	SEC	η_en
Model	5	4.31^a	9.061^a	7.18^a	82.68^a	12.26^a	11.55^a	6.66^a	5.73^a	8.44^a	79.12^a	17.20^a	20.91^a
A-MWP (watt)	1	10.92^a	37.763^a	8.17^a	326.91^a	49.80^a	54.89^a	9.37^a	16.38^a	5.97^a	319.54^a	70.16^a	96.24^a
B-Temperature (ºC)	1	0.76^a	2.169	3.088	5.45	0.37	0.0011	16.27^a	9.79^a	26.06^a	3.98	1.70	0.81
AB	1	5.54	1.365	1.920	4.41	1.73	0.65	5.37	2.49	0.16	4.38	2.89	1.30
A^2	1	3.94	1.431	21.21^a	74.11^a	9.10^a	1.02	2.16	0.00	5.40	65.98^a	10.10^a	0.68
B^2	1	1.80	3.766	0.392	3.30	2.76	1.96	0.80	0.00	8.26^a	3.53	4.81	6.16^a
Residual	7
Lack of Fit	3	1.10	0.35	0.20	1.64	1.62	0.27	4.10	3.89	22.23	2.37	1.06	0.42
Pure Error	4
Cor Total	12
R²		0.755	0.866	0.837	0.983	0.898	0.892	0.826	0.804	0.858	0.983	0.925	0.937

Parameter	Unit	Value
Temperature measurement	°C	±0.1
Drying time measurement	h	±0.1
Weight of samples measurement	g	±0.01
Mass measurement	g	±0.01
Moisture content	%	±1.21%
Total uncertainty for E_c	kWh	±3.14%
Total uncertainty for SEC	kWh kg^-1	±2.08%
Total uncertainty for η_en	%	±2.27%
Total uncertainty for TPC	mg GAE g^-1	±2.68%
Total uncertainty for ARA	%	±2.39%
Total uncertainty for TAC	g kg^-1	±2.19%

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