Effects of Bromelain on Growth Performance, Biochemistry, Antioxidant Metabolism, Meat Quality, and Intestinal Morphology of Broilers

Yenice, Güler; Atasever, Mustafa; Kara, Adem; Özkanlar, Seçkin; Gelen, Sevda Urçar; İskender, Hatice Akyüz; Gür, Cihan; Gedikli, Semin

doi:10.1590/1678-4324-2023220852

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Article - Food/Feed Science and Technology • Braz. arch. biol. technol. 66 • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4324-2023220852 copy

Effects of Bromelain on Growth Performance, Biochemistry, Antioxidant Metabolism, Meat Quality, and Intestinal Morphology of Broilers

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Bromelain is a mix of proteolytic enzymes obtained from the pineapple plant's fruit or stem. The effect of various rates of bromelain supplementation on broiler growth and carcass performance, meat quality, antioxidant metabolism, and blood profiles were examined in this study. In total, 288 male broiler chicks (Ross 308) one-day-old were used to determine the effects of different doses of bromelain (0, 0.15, 0.30, and 0.45 g / kg diet) during the six-week trial period. The trial groups consisted of six replicates of twelve animals each. Bromelain (30g/kg diet) improved the feed conversion ratio (FCR) and increased final body weight (BW) and body weight gain (BWG) (P<0.05). Bromelain increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the drumstick tissue (P<0.05). Bromelain decreased serum cholesterol (COL), High-density lipoprotein (HDL), and Low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Bromelain did not affect drumstick and breast meats' pH value but had shown a limited and variable effect on the color parameters and Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) during the storage period. Bromelain increased goblet cell number (GCN), crypt depth (CD), villus length (VL), and epithelial height (EH) (P<0.05) in the small intestine. In conclusion, bromelain had a minor impact on meat microbiological quality but improved intestinal morphology and final performance parameters.

Keywords:
bromelain; chicken; enzyme; meat quality

HIGHLIGHTS

• Bromelain is a mix of proteolytic enzymes.

• Bromelain is considered a safe phytotherapeutic agent.

• Bromelain improves small intestine morphology.

• Bromelain at 30 g/kg diet dose improved final Broiler performance.

	Starter (1 to 21 d)	Finisher (22 to 42 d)
Ingredients g/kg
Corn	514.6	562.0
Soybeanmeal (%44)	393.5	316.5
Soybean oil	31.8	66.0
Dicalcium phosphate	21.1	17.3
Wheat bran	15.0	15.0
Calcium carbonate	9.6	8.6
Sodium bicarbonate	2.8	2.7
Salt	2.7	2.8
Vit-Min. Premix*	5	5
DL-methionine	2.4	2.6
L-lysine HCL	0.8	0.6
L-threonine	0.7	0.9
Calculated analysis
Metabolizable energy, MJ/kg	12.22	13.40
Crude protein, %	22.03	19.02
Ether extract%	3.36	5.68
Crude fiber %	2.79	2.63
Lysine, %	1.18	1.03
Methionine, %	0.56	0.51
Calcium, %	0.93	0.80
Phosphorous, %	0.63	0.57

Groups
Items	CONT	BRO-15	BRO-30	BRO-45	p-values
BW, (g)
W 1	220.38±2.12	216.39±1.71	215.49±1.76	218.60±3.12	ns
W 2	544.54±1.33	536.59±6.93	534.41±5.08	548.92±5.79	ns
W 3	1039.08±16.20	1033.10±9.81	1037.51±15.78	1034.29±22.54	ns
W 4	1556.73±24.87	1640.90±17.75	1592.00±31.17	1616.57±38.06	ns
W 5	2267.83±42.33	2383.55±49.43	2335.27±53.93	2272.88±82.52	ns
W 6	2766.99±92.06^a	3060.21±101.28^ab	3106.93±98.14^b	2836.53±106.14^ab	*
BWG, (g)
W 1	23.61±0.23	23.18±0.18	23.09±0.19	23.42±0.33	ns
W 2	46.31±0.24	45.74±0.78	45.56±0.49	47.19±0.43	ns
W 3	70.65±2.40	70.93±0.77	71.87±1.58	69.34±2.44	ns
W 4	73.95±1.95^a	86.83±1.65^b	79.21±2.42^ab	83.18±3.98^b	*
W 5	101.59±2.84	106.09±4.98	106.18±5.24	93.76±7.64	ns
W 6	71.17±10.77^a	96.67±8.98^ab	110.24±7.89^b	80.52±4.82^a	*
FI, g
W 1	24.58±0.64	23.58±0.58	23.03±0.65	23.79±0.54	ns
W 2	58.15±1.60	58.75±0.46	57.88±0.91	60.32±1.10	ns
W 3	105.23±1.81^b	98.02±1.26^a	94.15±0.76^a	98.89±2.02^a	*
W 4	112.27±1.58^a	125.17±1.68^b	125.68±1.91^b	126.84±1.63^b	*
W 5	174.03±0.89^b	174.51±5.41^b	176.16±4.17^b	160.60±3.39^a	*
W 6	132.56±6.20^a	169.74±10.77^bc	180.59±3.89^c	147.99±7.47^ab	*
FCR
W 1	1.04±0.02	1.02±0.02	1.00±0.02	1.02±0.01	ns
W 2	1.26±0.03	1.29±0.02	1.27±0.01	1.28±0.02	ns
W 3	1.49±0.04^c	1.38±0.02^ab	1.31±0.02^a	1.43±0.05^bc	*
W 4	1.52±0.03^ab	1.44±0.02^a	1.59±0.03^b	1.54±0.06^ab	*
W 5	1.72±0.05	1.65±0.03	1.68±0.07	1.79±0.15	ns
W 6	2.14±0.24^b	1.78±0.05^ab	1.68±0.09^a	1.85±0.07^ab	*
Carcass yield (%)	67.08 ± 1.11	68.26 ± 0.80	71.298 ± 3.54	67.46 ± 0.76	ns

Items	Groups
Items	CONT	BRO-15	BRO-30	BRO-45	p-values
CAT, μmol/min/mg
Breast	195.49±22.21^b	257.28±16.45^a	160.38±8.76^b	192.18±25.31^b	*
Drumstick	176.40±23.98^b	258.51±23.03^a	240.12±28.67^ab	240.61±18.78^ab	*
SOD, U/mg
Breast	50.59±0.68	44.83±3.76	47.58±2.90	53.90±3.66	ns
Drumstick	43.00±1.24^b	45.55±2.26^b	47.38±1.23^ab	51.06±1.76^a	*
GSH, μmol/mg
Breast	35.98±3.49^ab	35.32±4.73^ab	45.88±1.88^a	32.56±3.15^b	*
Drumstick	46.92±9.92	43.81±1.17	44.80±3.00	45.93±1.75	ns
MDA, μmol/mg
Breast	40.50±2.42^b	54.55±4.14^ab	66.78±6.95^a	47.73±4.33^b	*
Drumstick	35.23±1.79^b	51.05±2.97^a	50.32±4.21^a	52.05±2.63^a	*

Items	Groups
Items	CONT	BRO-15	BRO-30	BRO-45	p-values
ALP (U/L)	2243.33±237.91	2597.67±682.65	2079.83±313.70	1700.67±289.34	ns
TG (mg/dL)	31.00±2.10^b	40.50±3.52^ab	47.17±5.44a	33.17±2.33^b	*
COL (mg/dL)	173.50±9.68^a	141.67±2. 32^bc	128.67±6.03^c	154.67±3.77^b	*
HDL (mg/dL)	112.67±4.77^a	96.83±2.15^bc	87.83±3.02^c	101.33±3.26^b	*
LDL (mg/dL)	98.67±6.07^a	75.67±1.33^bc	65.00±4.30^c	82.17±1.85^b	*
Ca (mg/dL)	109.83±3.34^a	104.67±1.91^ab	69.17±18.94^b	81.50±14.53^ab	*
P (mg/dL)	64.50±1.98	59.50±10.56	49.33±13.66	60.00±2.18	ns
TP (g/dL)	42.50±1.09^a	29.67±5.35^ab	34.67±1.38^ab	23.50±8.92^b	*
Albumin (g/dL)	90.17±24.29	98.83±17.70	96.83±19.03	128.50±5.41	ns
Glucose (mg/dL)	229.83±4.71	258.67±16.23	245.67±5.50	255.67±12.00	ns

Days	Groups	pH	a_w	TBARS (μmolMDA/kg)	L *	a*	b *
1	CONT	5.79±0.04	0.9897±0.001	1.29±0.06^b	51.70±0.61	3.55±0.47^b	6.88±0.62
	BRO-15	5.68±0.20	0.9919±0.000	1.25±0.18^b	51.23±1.67	5.40±0.49^ab	7.25±0.76
	BRO-30	5.78±0.21	0.9906±0.001	2.00±0.06^a	49.46±0.93	6.31±0.95^a	6.21±0.44
	BRO-45	5.71±0.06	0.9901±0.001	1.21±0.06^b	51.72±0.55	3.13±0.99^b	5.87±1.59
	p-values	ns	ns	**	ns	*	ns

3	CONT	5.72±0.05	0.9937±0.002	1.33±0.06^b	51.92±1.62	3.91±0.25	7.54±0.29
	BRO-15	5.67±0.00	0.9903±0.000	1.39±0.13^b	51.11±0.42	4.75±0.82	6.76±0.75
	BRO-30	5.86±0.31	0.9885±0.001	2.20±0.30^a	56.14±0.98	3.26±0.14	6.72±1.66
	BRO-45	5.63±0.17	0.9915±0.0001	1.62±0.18^ab	51.16±1.78	3.09±0.28	6.40±0.90
	p-values	ns	ns	*	ns	ns	ns

5	CONT	5.93±0.17	0.9894±0.002	1.73±0.08^b	48.21±0.49	3.59±0.73^a	5.17±1.31^b
	BRO-15	5.64±0.11	0.9877±0.001	1.87±0.24^ab	51.89±1.84	2.03±0.35^b	9.21±0.42^a
	BRO-30	5.69±0.00	0.9886±0.001	2.33±0.09^a	49.76±1.53	4.52±0.19^a	7.42±0.50^ab
	BRO-45	5.72±0.01	0.9914±0.001	1.67±0.12^b	49.32±0.42	3.20±0.15^ab	5.91±0.41^b
	p-values	ns	ns	*	ns	**	*

7	CONT	5.93±0.06	0.9898±0.000	2.23±0.14	48.77±0.42^c	2.13±0.12	6.89±0.45^b
	BRO-15	5.70±0.11	0.9912±0.003	2.13±0.11	49.60±1.55^bc	2.51±0.35	8.73±0.82^ab
	BRO-30	5.53±0.03	0.9905±0.001	2.38±0.04	55.23±1.82^a	3.09±0.38	8.97±0.95^ab
	BRO-45	5.40±0.13	0.9887±0.004	2.18±0.11	54.42±2.10^ab	2.66±0.17	10.14±0.47^a
	p-values	ns	ns	ns	*	ns	*

9	CONT	6.13±0.04	0.9894±0.002	2.47±0.37	49.43±1.19	3.30±0.39	5.57±1.03
	BRO-15	5.90±0.13	0.9908±0.002	2.49±0.10	52.48±1.19	2.53±0.16	8.35±1.73
	BRO-30	5.93±0.00	0.9901±0.000	2.57±0.06	52.99±0.72	3.43±0.64	10.09±0.37
	BRO-45	5.87±0.22	0.9906±0.001	2.58±0.32	53.93±1.47	2.65±0.58	6.60±0.96
	p-values	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns

Days	Groups	pH	a_w	TBARS (μmolMDA/kg)	L *	a*	b *
1	CONT	6.14±0.04	0.9912±0.001	1.58±0.24	53.74±0.76^c	5.40±0.96	6.72±0.27^a
	BRO-15	5.94±0.09	0.9930±0.001	1.26±0.17	54.55±0.68^bc	6.61±0.09	4.72±0.54^b
	BRO-30	6.04±0.18	0.9918±0.002	1.75±0.19	56.75±0.80^ab	5.05±0.31	3.37±0.66^b
	BRO-45	5.83±0.06	0.9942±0.002	1.67±0.03	57.87±0.74^a	7.06±0.52	6.71±0.39^a
	p-values	ns	ns	ns	**	ns	**

3	CONT	5.93±0.16	0.9982±0.002^a	1.64±0.20	58.39±1.23^a	5.27±0.69	5.90±1.02
	BRO-15	5.95±0.16	0.9908±0.002^b	1.53±0.07	53.79±1.09^b	6.74±1.16	4.76±0.71
	BRO-30	5.77±0.05	0.9911±0.001^b	1.90±0.12	56.88±0.25^b	6.00±0.55	6.56±0.32
	BRO-45	5.75±0.14	0.9919±0.001_b	1.88±0.12	57.01±0.96^b	5.36±0.37	6.95±1.46
	p-values	ns	*	ns	*	ns	ns

5	CONT	6.17±0.22	0.9932±0.001	2.00±0.32	57.24±1.05^b	5.90±0.36^a	5.82±0.89
	BRO-15	5.70±0.01	0.9906±0.003	1.72±0.10	58.73±0.43^ab	4.18±0.20^b	6.34±0.36
	BRO-30	5.75±0.00	0.9889±0.000	2.39±0.17	56.56±0.60^b	6.99±0.46^a	7.39±0.95
	BRO-45	5.69±0.06	0.9881±0.000	1.88±0.15	60.56±0.69^a	4.15±0.72^b	8.69±0.29
	p-values	ns	ns	ns	**	**	ns

7	CONT	6.41±0.07	0.9917±0.000	2.38±0.04^a	53.37±0.29	6.21±0.38	4.90±1.03
	BRO-15	5.87±0.05	0.9923±0.000	2.28±0.11^a	57.73±0.56	4.64±0.37	6.41±1.62
	BRO-30	5.96±0.17	0.9920±0.000	2.45±0.16^a	55.73±1.54	6.04±0.67	4.95±0.77
	BRO-45	5.86±0.21	0.9925±0.000	1.85±0.11^b	55.05±1.03	6.14±0.49	6.44±0.47
	p-values	ns	ns	**	ns	ns	ns

9	CONT	6.38±0.08	0.9932±0.000	2.25±0.19	53.38±1.15	6.13±0.34^ab	3.84±0.74
	BRO-15	6.19±0.31	0.9945±0.000	2.64±0.16	56.21±0.64	4.95±0.42^b	5.94±2.78
	BRO-30	6.06±0.04	0.9934±0.002	2.44±0.05	57.29±2.43	7.95±0.85^a	8.49±1.22
	BRO-45	6.05±0.24	0.9945±0.001	2.28±0.16	55.64±1.17	5.28±0.68^b	6.82±0.93
	p-values	ns	ns	ns	ns	*	ns

Days	Groups	TMAB	Coliform	Lactobacillus spp.	Micrococcus-Staphylococcus	Pseudomonas spp.	Yeast-Mould	TPAB
1	CONT	6.93±0.00	4.32±0.27	5.71±0.23	6.34±0.08	5.54±0.49	3.05±0.45	4.16±0.05
	BRO-15	6.14±0.28	3.77±0.43	5.11±0.09	5.64±0.51	4.83±0.53	3.24±0.16	4.36±0.60
	BRO-30	6.56±0.22	3.77±0.04	5.35±0.32	5.21±0.09	6.46±0.06	3.00±0.00	4.48±0.01
	BRO-45	6.79±0.19	3.68±0.23	5.44±0.30	4.81±0.34	4.82±0.22	3.00±0.00	4.55±0.21
	p-values	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns

3	CONT	7.13±0.49	4.23±0.47	6.05±0.30	6.40±0.02	6.06±0.38	3.55±0.30	5.30±0.12
	BRO-15	6.48±0.03	4.31±0.52	5.72±0.24	5.93±0.62	5.99±0.22	3.70±0.00	5.23±0.46
	BRO-30	6.42±0.12	4.06±0.06	5.56±0.15	5.45±0.12	5.07±0.59	3.59±0.64	4.61±0.53
	BRO-45	6.70±0.31	4.02±0.25	5.59±0.32	5.54±0.29	5.73±0.23	3.07±0.37	5.18±0.22
	p-values	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns

5	CONT	7.18±0.08	4.98±0.54	6.53±0.08	6.62±0.41	7.24±0.09^a	3.74±0.26	7.12±0.19^a
	BRO-15	5.90±0.60	4.28±0.50	5.61±0.47	5.87±0.39	5.48±0.53^b	4.07±0.11	5.45±0.33^b
	BRO-30	6.12±0.12	4.33±0.37	5.90±0.08	5.44±0.14	5.36±0.16^b	3.98±0.51	5.11±0.03^b
	BRO-45	5.87±0.27	4.27±0.15	5.70±0.18	6.30±0.30	5.53±0.03^b	3.48±0.00	5.50±0.12^b
	p-values	ns	ns	ns	ns	*	ns	**

7	CONT	7.85±0.11^a	5.74±0.30^a	6.81±0.06^a	6.63±0.13	3.92±0.31	7.45±0.06	7.61±0.02
	BRO-15	6.81±0.34^b	4.31±0.36^b	5.98±0.06^b	6.64±0.02	3.93±0.45	6.74±0.49	6.59±0.03
	BRO-30	6.57±0.03^b	4.87±0.12^ab	6.02±0.09^b	6.18±0.26	4.07±0.23	6.64±0.08	6.28±0.50
	BRO-45	5.69±0.21^c	4.27±0.05^b	5.39±0.09^c	6.49±0.02	4.09±0.03	6.64±0.22	5.60±0.00
	p-values	**	*	**	ns	ns	ns	ns

9	CONT	8.04±0.56	5.64±0.11	6.90±0.18	6.64±0.02	7.63±0.15	4.62±0.02	8.41±0.13
	BRO-15	6.30±0.30	4.86±0.14	6.50±0.38	6.62±0.34	7.58±0.20	4.94±0.10	7.90±0.10
	BRO-30	7.78±0.40	5.50±0.25	6.48±0.00	6.76±0.06	7.71±0.07	4.37±0.90	8.44±0.14
	BRO-45	8.11±0.00	5.75±0.08	5.68±0.02	6.65±0.10	7.46±0.02	4.20±0.35	7.80±0.25
	p-values	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns

Days	Groups	TMAB	Coliform	Lactobacillus spp.	Micrococcus-Staphylococcus	Pseudomonas spp.	Yeast-Mould	TPAB
1	CONT	6.61±0.10	4.33±0.18	5.47±0.02	6.48±0.08^a	5.62±0.17^a	2.87±0.27	4.37±0.14
	BRO-15	6.55±0.42	4.27±0.11	5.84±0.29	6.28±0.04^a	5.97±0.09^a	3.15±0.15	4.88±0.23
	BRO-30	6.62±0.00	4.46±0.38	5.68±0.37	6.52±0.04^a	5.83±0.12^a	3.00±0.00	5.18±0.08
	BRO-45	6.81±0.27	3.54±0.54	5.40±0.45	5.66±0.09^b	4.57±0.32^b	3.00±0.00	4.48±0.10
	p-values	ns	ns	ns	**	*	ns	ns

3	CONT	7.18±0.03	5.18±0.07^a	6.34±0.11	6.68±0.20	6.16±0.08	3.16±0.16^b	5.28±0.04^b
	BRO-15	6.76±0.76	4.71±0.06^b	6.04±0.44	6.28±0.02	6.36±0.15	3.65±0.20^ab	6.06±0.03^a
	BRO-30	6.34±0.10	4.75±0.013^b	5.65±0.31	6.54±0.16	5.90±0.46	3.77±0.03^ab	5.47±0.17^b
	BRO-45	6.94±0.11	4.44±0.03^b	5.44±0.23	6.35±0.30	6.11±0.09	4.36±0.25^a	5.19±0.01^b
	p-values	ns	*	ns	ns	ns	*	**

5	CONT	7.44±0.15	5.53±±0.23	6.44±0.13^a	6.99±0.02	7.49±0.01^a	4.38±0.33	7.22±0.01
	BRO-15	6.77±0.29	4.68±010	6.10±0.02^b	6.35±0.14	6.63±0.19^b	3.66±0.18	6.58±0.11
	BRO-30	6.46±0.02	4.77±0.07	5.56±0.08^c	6.55±0.06	5.57±0.09^c	4.18±0.51	5.44±0.02
	BRO-45	6.41±0.18	4.48±0.27	6.16±0.02^ab	6.46±0.45	6.30±0.15^b	3.48±0.00	5.92±0.6
	p-values	ns	ns	**	ns	**	ns	ns

7	CONT	8.17±0.22	6.08±0.13	6.78±0.20	6.88±0.10	7.56±0.40^a	4.64±0.03^a	7.95±0.11
	BRO-15	6.97±0.49	4.78±0.17	6.57±0.01	6.45±0.38	7.27±0.07^b	3.67±0.37^b	7.57±0.34
	BRO-30	7.10±0.08	4.86±0.74	6.34±0.08	6.65±0.09	6.28±0.05^d	4.84±0.02^a	7.40±0.58
	BRO-45	7.35±0.03	5.24±0.47	6.15±0.11	6.75±0.16	6.99±0.07^c	3.56±0.01^b	6.92±0.13
	p-values	ns	ns	ns	ns	**	*	ns

9	CONT	8.42±0.10^a	6.38±0.13	7.13±0.13	7.23±0.13	7.88±0.12	4.99±0.14^a	8.16±0.14
	BRO-15	7.79±0.08^ab	5.02±0.28	6.43±0.35	6.48±0.48	7.77±0.14	4.11±0.03^b	8.27±0.16
	BRO-30	7.25±0.34^b	5.55±0.20	6.40±0.20	6.80±0.18	7.64±0.04	5.44±0.16^a	8.30±0.18
	BRO-45	7.16±0.12^b	5.47±0.29	6.25±0.26	6.74±0.41	7.59±0.33	3.85±0.15^b	7.60±0.20
	p-values	*	ns	ns	ns	ns	**	ns

Instituto de Tecnologia do Paraná - Tecpar Rua Prof. Algacyr Munhoz Mader, 3775 - CIC, 81350-010 Curitiba PR Brazil, Tel.: +55 41 3316-3052/3054, Fax: +55 41 3346-2872 - Curitiba - PR - Brazil
E-mail: babt@tecpar.br

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[1] *Correspondence: gulerata@atauni.edu.tr; Tel.: +90-442-2317202 (G.Y.).