Lobby |
It implies information exchanges and political persuasion initiatives that aim to influence the governmental political agenda to obtain an advantage for the firm. |
Brown (2016Brown, R. S. (2016). How do firms compete in the non-market? The process of political capability building. Business and Politics, 18(3), 263-295. https://doi.org/10.1515/bap-2015-0019 https://doi.org/10.1515/bap-2015-0019...
); Cui et al. (2018Cui, L., Hu, H. W., Li, S., & Meyer, K. E. (2018). Corporate political connections in global strategy. Global Strategy Journal, 8(3), 379-398. https://doi.org/10.1002/gsj.1325 https://doi.org/10.1002/gsj.1325...
); Ozer et al. (2013Ozer, M., Demirkan, I., & Gokalp, O. N. (2013). Collaboration networks and innovation: does corporate lobbying matter? Journal of Strategy and Management, 6(3), 286-308. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSMA-01-2013-0009 https://doi.org/10.1108/JSMA-01-2013-000...
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Campaign contributions |
Donation of financial resources to the campaign in order to influence future political decisions. |
Cui et al. (2018Cui, L., Hu, H. W., Li, S., & Meyer, K. E. (2018). Corporate political connections in global strategy. Global Strategy Journal, 8(3), 379-398. https://doi.org/10.1002/gsj.1325 https://doi.org/10.1002/gsj.1325...
); Holburn and Vanden Bergh (2014Holburn, G. L. F., & Bergh, R. G. (2014). Integrated market and nonmarket strategies: Political campaign contributions around merger and acquisition events in the energy sector. Strategic Management Journal, 35(3), 450-460. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2096 https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2096...
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PACs contributions |
It implies the donation of financial resources to PACs in order to gain access to elected politicians. |
McDonnell and Werner (2016McDonnell, M. H., & Werner, T. (2016). Blacklisted businesses: Social activists’ challenges and the disruption of corporate political activity. Administrative Science Quarterly, 61(4), 584-620. https://doi.org/10.1177/0001839216648953 https://doi.org/10.1177/0001839216648953...
); Rudy and Johnson (2016Rudy, B. C., & Johnson, A. F. (2016). Performance, aspirations, and market versus nonmarket investment. Journal of Management, 42(4), 936-959. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206313503017 https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206313503017...
) |
Political ties |
Relationship of firm members with authorities or former government authorities. |
Bai, Chang, and Li (2019Bai, X., Chang, J., & Li, J. J. (2019). How do international joint ventures build legitimacy effectively in emerging economies? CSR, political ties, or both? Management International Review, 59(3), 387-412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11575-019-00382-x https://doi.org/10.1007/s11575-019-00382...
); Hiatt et al. (2018Hiatt, S. R., Carlos, W. C., & Sine, W. D. (2018). Manu militari: The institutional contingencies of stakeholder relationships on entrepreneurial performance. Organization Science, 29(4), 633-652. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2017.1178 https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2017.1178...
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Soft money |
Donation of resources to political parties not limited that are intended for administrative expenses, advocacy, and general propaganda. |
Hadani (2007Hadani, M. (2007). Family matters. Business & Society, 46(4), 395-428. https://doi.org/10.1177/0007650306293394 https://doi.org/10.1177/0007650306293394...
); Hadani and Coombes (2012) |
Congressional testimony |
Conducting testimonials for government access and favorable investor responses. |
Ridge, Ingram, Abdurakhmonov, and Hasija (2019Ridge, J. W., Ingram, A., Abdurakhmonov, M., & Hasija, D. (2019). Market reactions to non‐market strategy: Congressional testimony as an indicator of firm political influence. Strategic Management Journal, 40(10), 1644-1667. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.3038 https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.3038...
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Interactions with regulatory agency |
Recurring interactions with industry regulators stimulate the company’s political capabilities. |
Brown (2016Brown, R. S. (2016). How do firms compete in the non-market? The process of political capability building. Business and Politics, 18(3), 263-295. https://doi.org/10.1515/bap-2015-0019 https://doi.org/10.1515/bap-2015-0019...
); Curchod et al. (2020Curchod, C., Patriotta, G., & Wright, M. (2020). Self-categorization as a nonmarket strategy for MNE subsidiaries: Tracking the international expansion of an online platform. Journal of World Business, 55(3), 101070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2019.101070 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2019.10107...
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Advocacy |
Contact and communication with society or some subset for engagement in order to influence public policy. |
Keillor and Hult (2004Keillor, B. D., & Hult, G. T. M. (2004). Predictors of firm-level political behavior in the global business environment: an investigation of specific activities employed by US firms. International Business Review, 13(3), 309-329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2003.08.004 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2003.0...
) |
Legitimation |
It involves organizational actions to create, strengthen, manage, or restore their legitimacy or the legitimacy of their practices. |
Marzouk (2017Marzouk, W. B. (2017). Non-market strategy, competitiveness and export performance of Tunisian small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). International Journal of Technology Management & Sustainable Development, 16(3), 271-294. https://doi.org/10.1386/tmsd.16.3.271_1 https://doi.org/10.1386/tmsd.16.3.271_1...
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Coalition building |
It contemplates individuals with aligned interests who want the same result under a specific regulatory policy. |
Baron (2001Baron, D. P. (2001). Theories of strategic nonmarket participation: majority-rule and executive institutions. Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 10(1), 47-89. https://doi.org/10.1162/105864001300122557 https://doi.org/10.1162/1058640013001225...
); Kingsley, Bergh, and Bonardi (2012Kingsley, A. F., Bergh, R. G. vanden, & Bonardi, J. P. (2012). Political markets and regulatory uncertainty: Insights and implications for integrated strategy. Academy of Management Perspectives, 26(3), 52-67. https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2012.0042 https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2012.0042...
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Social management devices |
Practices aimed at managing and promoting social image. They moderate the relationship between a company’s past interactions with activists and its future receptivity. |
McDonnell et al. (2015McDonnell, M. H., King, B. G., & Soule, S. A. (2015). A dynamic process model of private politics: Activist targeting and corporate receptivity to social challenges. American Sociological Review, 80(3), 654-678. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122415581335 https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122415581335...
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Philanthropy |
Development of partnerships with NGOs. Offer advantages and benefits to residents and financial donations to social entities and local communities. |
Kamasak, James and Yavuz (2019Kamasak, R., James, S. R., & Yavuz, M. (2019). The interplay of corporate social responsibility and corporate political activity in emerging markets: The role of strategic flexibility in non-market strategies. Business Ethics, 28(3), 305-320. https://doi.org/10.1111/beer.12223 https://doi.org/10.1111/beer.12223...
); Lee, Moon, Cho, Kang, and Jeong (2014Lee, D., Moon, J., Cho, J., Kang, H. G., & Jeong, J. (2014). From corporate social responsibility to creating shared value with suppliers through mutual firm foundation in the Korean bakery industry: A case study of the SPC Group. Asia Pacific Business Review, 20(3), 461-483. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602381.2014.929301 https://doi.org/10.1080/13602381.2014.92...
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Guanxi |
It implies a system of favors in which reciprocity and mutual obligation are formed. Their strength is reflected in the time and resources spent maintaining relationships. |
Du et al. (2019Du, J., Bai, T., & Chen, S. (2019). Integrating corporate social and corporate political strategies: Performance implications and institutional contingencies in China. Journal of Business Research, 98(2), 299-316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.02.014 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.0...
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Self-regulation |
Organizational actions to reduce the likelihood and intensity of policies imposing burdens and/or social activist campaigns that could be a potential target. |
Baron (2016Baron, D. P. (2016). Strategy beyond markets: A step back and a look forward. In Emerald Group Publishing Limited (Ed.), Advances in Strategic Management (Issue 34, pp. 1-54). https://doi.org/10.1108/S0742-332220160000034002 https://doi.org/10.1108/S0742-3322201600...
); Baron and Diermeier (2007); Lyon and Maxwell (2004Lyon, T. P., & Maxwell, J. W. (2004). Astroturf: Interest group lobbying and corporate strategy. Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 13(4), 561-597. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.2004.00023.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.2004...
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Self-categorization |
Process by which a firm strategically defines itself as a member or not of a strategic group, in an attempt to reduce uncertainty in its environment and protect itself from the transfer of its global activities. |
Curchod et al. (2020Curchod, C., Patriotta, G., & Wright, M. (2020). Self-categorization as a nonmarket strategy for MNE subsidiaries: Tracking the international expansion of an online platform. Journal of World Business, 55(3), 101070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2019.101070 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2019.10107...
) |