OBI |
The open budget index measures central government budget transparency on a 100-point scale. |
IBP |
44.680 |
0 |
89 |
103 |
Accountability |
It is based on the functioning of government indicator, which captures the extent to which the government is accountable and acts in a transparent and open manner. Countries are graded in a scale from zero (worst) to twelve (best). |
FH |
6.538 |
0 |
12 |
169 |
Base (?) |
Financial reporting basis (i.e., cash, transitioning to accrual, and accrual). Its values fall in the range [1, 3]. |
IFAC and CIPFA |
1.931 |
1 |
3 |
130 |
Framework (?) |
Financial reporting framework (i.e., ‘Other national financial reporting standards,’ ‘National standards based on IFRS,’ ‘National standards using IPSAS as a reference point,’ ‘IPSAS adopted indirectly via national standards,’ and ‘IPSAS adopted directly’). Its values fall in the range [1, 5]. |
2.569 |
1 |
5 |
130 |
Gross_debt (+) |
Gross general government debt as percentage of GDP. |
WEF |
56.906 |
2.6 |
236.6 |
159 |
Tax_rev (+) |
Total tax revenue (excluding social contributions) as percentage of GDP. |
ICTD |
19.303 |
1.571 |
45.333 |
126 |
Log_GDPP (+) |
Natural logarithm of GDP per capita at constant US dollars of year 2010. |
WDI |
8.820 |
5.351 |
11.583 |
156 |
Log_Education(+) |
Natural logarithm of age-standardized education per capita. |
IHME |
2.096 |
0.278 |
2.703 |
159 |
Globalization (+) |
The KOF globalization index. It measures the economic, social, and political dimensions of globalization on a scale from one to one hundred that is directly related to the magnitude of this phenomenon. |
Gygli, Haelg, Potrafke, and Sturm. (2019) |
64.759 |
30.164 |
90.794 |
163 |
Unemployment(-) |
Share of labor force that is without work but available and seeking employment with basis of the International Labour Organization’s estimates. |
WDI |
7.270 |
0.142 |
26.958 |
156 |
Pop_65 (+) |
Percentage of population age 65 and over (% of total population). |
9.352 |
1.085 |
27.576 |
159 |
Female_pop (+) |
Percentage of the population that is female. |
49.815 |
24.495 |
54.535 |
159 |
Log_ Density (+) |
Natural logarithm of population density (measured as the number of people per square kilometer of land area). |
4.399 |
0.713 |
8.981 |
166 |
Urban_pop (+) |
Percentage of urban population. |
61.238 |
13.032 |
100 |
168 |
Democracy (+) |
This index ranges from zero (least democratic) to ten (most democratic). |
FH |
6.446 |
0.419 |
10 |
169 |
Pres_elect (+) |
Dummy that equals one if presidential (or prime minister) elections took place in 2018. |
Own |
0.254 |
0 |
1 |
130 |
Voice (+) |
Voice and Accountability index. It measures the extent to which citizens of a country are able to participate in government elections and the degree of independence of the media. |
WGI |
0.048 |
-2.202 |
1.733 |
169 |
Turnout (?) |
Voting turnout in elections as percentage of total population. |
Tatu Vanhanen |
40.206 |
0 |
70 |
157 |
Competition (?) |
This variable portrays the percentage of votes gained by the smaller parties in parliamentary and/or presidential elections. |
Tatu Vanhanen |
46.450 |
0 |
70 |
157 |
Variable |
Description |
Source |
Mean |
Min. |
Max. |
Obs. |
English (+) |
Dummies that equal one when the legal origin of a country is respectively: the English Common Law, the French Commercial Code, the Socialist/Communist Laws, or the German Commercial Code. Thus, the reference classification is the Scandinavian Commercial Code. |
La Porta, López de Silanes, Shleifer, and Vishny (1999La Porta, R., López de Silanes, F., Shleifer, A., & Vishny, R. (1999). The quality of government. Journal of Law, Economics and Organization, 15(1), 222-279. Retrieved from https://econpapers.repec.org/article/oupjleorg/v_3a15_3ay_3a1999_3ai_3a1_3ap_3a222-79.htm https://econpapers.repec.org/article/oup...
) |
0.348 |
0 |
1 |
138 |
French (?) |
0.471 |
0 |
1 |
138 |
Socialist (-) |
0.094 |
0 |
1 |
138 |
German (?) |
0.051 |
0 |
1 |
138 |