Local Government Performance: Evaluating Efficiency, Efficacy, and Effectiveness at the Basic Education Level

Paschoalotto, Marco Antonio Catussi; Passador, João Luiz; Passador, Cláudia Souza; Oliveira, Pedro Henrique de

doi:10.1590/1807-7692bar2020190149

Marco Antonio Catussi Paschoalotto ^** Corresponding author

Universidade do Oeste Paulista, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil

Authors Marco Antonio Catussi Paschoalotto Universidade do Oeste Paulista Rod. Raposo Tavares, km 572, Limoeiro, 19067-175, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil marcocatussi@gmail.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2276-8531

João Luiz Passador

Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil

João Luiz Passador Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Economia, Administração e Contabilidade Av. Bandeirantes, n. 3900, Vila Monte Alegre, 14040-905, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. jlpassador@usp.br

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0460-8852

Cláudia Souza Passador

Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil

Cláudia Souza Passador Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Economia, Administração e Contabilidade Av. Bandeirantes, n. 3900, Vila Monte Alegre, 14040-905, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. cspassador@usp.br

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9333-563X

Pedro Henrique de Oliveira

Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil

Pedro Henrique de Oliveira Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos Av. Trab. São Carlense, n. 400, Parque Arnold Schimidt, 13564-002, São Carlos, SP, Brazil. oliveiraph1@gmail.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1616-6465

* Corresponding author

Editor-in-chief: Carlo Gabriel Porto Bellini / (Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil)

Associate editor: Dênis Renato de Oliveira / (Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil)

Reviewers: José Eduardo Ferreira Lopes / (Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil), Giuliano Alves Borges Silva / (Universidade Federal Fluminense, Macaé, RJ, Brazil) and one anonymous reviewer

Editorial assistants: Kler Godoy and Simone Rafael (ANPAD, Maringá, PR, Brazil)

Authors’ contributions

1^st author: conceptualization (equal), data curation (equal), formal analysis (equal), investigation (equal), methodology (equal), project administration (equal), resources (equal), software (equal), supervision (equal), validation (equal), visualization (equal), writing-original draft (equal), writing-review & editing (equal). 2^nd author: conceptualization (equal), formal analysis (equal), methodology (equal), supervision (equal), validation (equal), visualization (equal) 3^rd author: conceptualization (equal), formal analysis (equal), investigation (equal), methodology (equal), supervision (equal), visualization (equal), writing-original draft (equal) 4^th author: conceptualization (equal), data curation (equal), investigation (equal), methodology (equal), project administration (equal), resources (equal), validation (equal), writing-original draft (equal), writing-review & editing (equal)

Authors

Marco Antonio Catussi Paschoalotto Universidade do Oeste Paulista Rod. Raposo Tavares, km 572, Limoeiro, 19067-175, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil marcocatussi@gmail.com

João Luiz Passador Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Economia, Administração e Contabilidade Av. Bandeirantes, n. 3900, Vila Monte Alegre, 14040-905, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. jlpassador@usp.br

Cláudia Souza Passador Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Economia, Administração e Contabilidade Av. Bandeirantes, n. 3900, Vila Monte Alegre, 14040-905, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. cspassador@usp.br

Pedro Henrique de Oliveira Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos Av. Trab. São Carlense, n. 400, Parque Arnold Schimidt, 13564-002, São Carlos, SP, Brazil. oliveiraph1@gmail.com

Indicators	Dimensions
A - Population B - Demographic density (hab./km²) C - Urbanization rate D - Energy consumption ratio (res./total)	Sociodemographic
E - GDP per capita (R$) F - Taxes collected (R$)	Economic
G - Net enrollment rate (6–14 age) H - Enrollments (elementary school - until 5^th degree) I - Average number of students per teacher (pre-school) J - Average duration of the scholar period (initial years of elementary school - AI)	Efficiency
K - Approval rate (initial years of elementary school - AI)	Efficacy
L - Basic education index (initial years of elementary school - AI)	Effectiveness

Indicators	Min.	Max.	Mean	Stand. Deviation
Pop.	1,535.00	1,233,317.00	41,944.13	92,274.66
Demograp. density	5.11	6,313.33	130.47	357.43
Urb. Rate	24.57	100.00	85.32	13.32
Energy Ratio	0.48	0.94	0.83	0.07
GDP per capita	4,952.80	116,296.68	21,610.92	13,468.06
Taxes	70.32	6,694,276.10	175,918.33	566,731.74
Net Enrollment Rate	74.00	132.25	98.71	7.42
Enrollments (AI)	170.00	90,088.00	3,492.50	6,181.53
Average Stu/Tea (Pre.S)	1.00	26.33	8.62	4.12
Average Dur. Per. (AI)	2.38	29.57	14.68	5.68
Approval Rate (AI)	4.00	7.67	5.06	0.51
IDEB (AI)	3.90	7.40	5.68	0.57

	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	J	K	L
A	1
B	.573^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	1
C	.255^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	.248^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	1
D	.307^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	.298^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	.673^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	1
E	.236^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	.187^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	.211^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	.224^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	1
F	.869^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	.567^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	.229^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	.278^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	.412^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	1
G	-.004	-.017	-.018	.017	.056^* * Correlation is significant at the level 0.05.	.023	1
H	.860^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	.638^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	.317^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	.386^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	.244^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	.778^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	.006	1
I	.047	.036	.096^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	-.133^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	.049	.055^* * Correlation is significant at the level 0.05.	-.004	.036	1
J	.152^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	.133^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	.089^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	.129^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	-.105^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	.100^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	.005	.208^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	-.062^* * Correlation is significant at the level 0.05.	1
K	-.076^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	-.051	.079^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	-.014	.085^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	-.063^* * Correlation is significant at the level 0.05.	-.012	-.075^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	.126^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	-.075^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	1
L	-.014	-.018	.102^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	-.164^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	.103^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	.014	-.014	-.020	.483^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	-.097^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	.222^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	1

Variables	H1	H2	H3
Pop.	-0.027	0.021	-0.042
Demograp. Density	-0.015	0.027	-0.016
Urb. Rate	0.159^* ***** p < .001.	0.311^* ***** p < .001.	0.221^* ***** p < .001.
Energy Ratio	-0.111^ p < .05. * p < .01.	-0.376^* ***** p < .001.	-0.271^* ***** p < .001.
GDP per capita	0.121^* ***** p < .001.	0.024	0.081^ p < .05. * p < .01.
Taxes	-0.087	0.026	0.014
Net Enrollment Rate	-	0.008	-0.008
Enrollments (AI)	-	0.039	0.034
Average Stu/Tea (Pre.S)	-	-0.049	-0.038
Average Dur. Per. (AI)	-	0.098^* ***** p < .001.	0.139^* ***** p < .001.
Approval Rate (AI)	-	-	0.403^* ***** p < .001.
*Number of observations*	1329	1329	1329
R²	0.330	0.101	0.305
*Adjust R²*	0.280	0.094	0.299
*VIF*	1.575	1.037	1.112
*Durbin-Watson*	2.199	1.967	2.034
*Prob.>F*	0.000	0.000	0.000

[TFN1] Note.

[TFN2] ^**
Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.

[TFN3] ^*
Correlation is significant at the level 0.05.

	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	J	K	L
A	1
B	.573^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	1
C	.255^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	.248^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	1
D	.307^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	.298^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	.673^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	1
E	.236^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	.187^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	.211^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	.224^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	1
F	.869^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	.567^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	.229^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	.278^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	.412^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	1
G	-.004	-.017	-.018	.017	.056^* * Correlation is significant at the level 0.05.	.023	1
H	.860^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	.638^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	.317^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	.386^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	.244^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	.778^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	.006	1
I	.047	.036	.096^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	-.133^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	.049	.055^* * Correlation is significant at the level 0.05.	-.004	.036	1
J	.152^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	.133^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	.089^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	.129^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	-.105^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	.100^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	.005	.208^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	-.062^* * Correlation is significant at the level 0.05.	1
K	-.076^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	-.051	.079^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	-.014	.085^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	-.063^* * Correlation is significant at the level 0.05.	-.012	-.075^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	.126^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	-.075^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	1
L	-.014	-.018	.102^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	-.164^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	.103^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	.014	-.014	-.020	.483^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	-.097^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	.222^ Correlation is significant at the level 0.01.	1

Local Government Performance: Evaluating Efficiency, Efficacy, and Effectiveness at the Basic Education Level

ABSTRACT