PLF |
Passenger Load Factor, also called utilization rate, is the ratio between demand and supply of air transport. |
Yt
|
(+) |
Barros et al. (2013Barros, C. P., Liang, Q. B., & Peypoch, N. (2013). The technical efficiency of US Airlines. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 50, 139-148. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2013.01.019 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2013.01.019...
); Joo and Fowler (2014Joo, S. J., & Fowler, K. L. (2014). Exploring comparative efficiency and determinants of efficiency for major world airlines. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 21(4), 675-687. https://doi.org/10.1108/BIJ-09-2012-0054 https://doi.org/10.1108/BIJ-09-2012-0054...
); Choi (2017Choi, K. (2017). Multi-period efficiency and productivity changes in US domestic airlines. Journal of Air Transport Management, 59, 18-25. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2016.11.007 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2016...
) |
RPK |
Revenue Passenger Kilometers, which describes the number of seats sold on a given route, in kilometers. |
Wi
|
(-) |
Joo and Fowler (2014Joo, S. J., & Fowler, K. L. (2014). Exploring comparative efficiency and determinants of efficiency for major world airlines. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 21(4), 675-687. https://doi.org/10.1108/BIJ-09-2012-0054 https://doi.org/10.1108/BIJ-09-2012-0054...
); Singh et al. (2019Singh, J., Sharma, S. K., & Srivastava, R. (2019). What drives Indian Airlines operational expense: An econometric model. Journal of Air Transport Management, 77, 32-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2019.03.003 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.201...
) |
ASK |
Available Seat Kilometers, identifying the total passenger capacity of an airline on a given route, in kilometers. |
Wj
|
(-) |
Kottas and Madas (2018Kottas, A. T., & Madas, M. A. (2018). Comparative efficiency analysis of major international airlines using Data Envelopment Analysis: Exploring effects of alliance membership and other operational efficiency determinants. Journal of Air Transport Management, 70, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2018.04.014 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.201...
) |
ROL |
Net Operating Flight Revenue is the income that a company receives for sales of airline tickets and other products after operating expenses are deducted. |
Wk
|
(+) |
Joo and Fowler (2014Joo, S. J., & Fowler, K. L. (2014). Exploring comparative efficiency and determinants of efficiency for major world airlines. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 21(4), 675-687. https://doi.org/10.1108/BIJ-09-2012-0054 https://doi.org/10.1108/BIJ-09-2012-0054...
) |
TRO |
Total offered routes by airlines. |
Wl
|
(+) |
Yu et al. (2017Yu, M. M., Chen, L. H., & Chiang, H. (2017). The effects of alliances and size on airlines’ dynamic operational performance. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 106, 197-214. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2017.09.015 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2017.09.015...
) |
Stage Length |
Stage Length indicates the distance from takeoff to landing stage in kilometers. |
Wm
|
(-) |
Babikian et al. (2002Babikian, R., Lukachko, S. P., & Waitz, I. A. (2002). The historical fuel efficiency characteristics of regional aircraft from technological, operational, and cost perspectives. Journal of Air Transport Management, 8(6), 389-400. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0969-6997(02)00020-0 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0969-6997(02)00...
); Merkert and Hensher (2011Merkert, R., & Hensher, D. A. (2011). The impact of strategic management and fleet planning on airline efficiency - A random effects Tobit model based on DEA efficiency scores. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 45(7), 686-695. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2011.04.015 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2011.04.015...
); Singh et al. (2019Singh, J., Sharma, S. K., & Srivastava, R. (2019). What drives Indian Airlines operational expense: An econometric model. Journal of Air Transport Management, 77, 32-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2019.03.003 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.201...
) |
CustDesp |
Flight cost and expense. Expenses are directly linked to a company's air transport operation. |
Wn
|
(-) |
Joo and Fowler (2014Joo, S. J., & Fowler, K. L. (2014). Exploring comparative efficiency and determinants of efficiency for major world airlines. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 21(4), 675-687. https://doi.org/10.1108/BIJ-09-2012-0054 https://doi.org/10.1108/BIJ-09-2012-0054...
); Singh et al. (2019Singh, J., Sharma, S. K., & Srivastava, R. (2019). What drives Indian Airlines operational expense: An econometric model. Journal of Air Transport Management, 77, 32-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2019.03.003 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.201...
) |
Fuel |
Total fuel consumption (in liters). |
Wo
|
(-) |
Babikian et al. (2002Babikian, R., Lukachko, S. P., & Waitz, I. A. (2002). The historical fuel efficiency characteristics of regional aircraft from technological, operational, and cost perspectives. Journal of Air Transport Management, 8(6), 389-400. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0969-6997(02)00020-0 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0969-6997(02)00...
); Lozano and Gutiérrez (2011Lozano, S., & Gutiérrez, E. (2011). A multiobjective approach to fleet, fuel and operating cost efficiency of European airlines. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 61(3), 473-481.); Sakthidharan and Sivaraman (2018Sakthidharan, V., & Sivaraman, S. (2018). Impact of operating cost components on airline efficiency in India: A DEA approach. Asia Pacific Management Review, 23(4), 258-267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmrv.2017.12.001 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmrv.2017.12....
) |
TOF |
Indicates the number of takeoffs per route on domestic and international flights. |
Wp
|
(-) |
Babikian et al. (2002Babikian, R., Lukachko, S. P., & Waitz, I. A. (2002). The historical fuel efficiency characteristics of regional aircraft from technological, operational, and cost perspectives. Journal of Air Transport Management, 8(6), 389-400. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0969-6997(02)00020-0 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0969-6997(02)00...
) |
TFH |
Total hours flew by aircraft, calculated by flight time. |
Wq
|
(+) |
Babikian et al. (2002Babikian, R., Lukachko, S. P., & Waitz, I. A. (2002). The historical fuel efficiency characteristics of regional aircraft from technological, operational, and cost perspectives. Journal of Air Transport Management, 8(6), 389-400. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0969-6997(02)00020-0 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0969-6997(02)00...
) |
ACFT |
The number of aircraft in operation. Air fleet size. |
Wr
|
(-) |
Kottas and Madas (2018Kottas, A. T., & Madas, M. A. (2018). Comparative efficiency analysis of major international airlines using Data Envelopment Analysis: Exploring effects of alliance membership and other operational efficiency determinants. Journal of Air Transport Management, 70, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2018.04.014 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.201...
) |
FAB |
Distribution of aircraft by manufacturers, such as Airbus, Boeing, and Embraer. |
Ws
|
(-) |
Merkert and Hensher (2011Merkert, R., & Hensher, D. A. (2011). The impact of strategic management and fleet planning on airline efficiency - A random effects Tobit model based on DEA efficiency scores. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 45(7), 686-695. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2011.04.015 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2011.04.015...
); Sakthidharan and Sivaraman (2018Sakthidharan, V., & Sivaraman, S. (2018). Impact of operating cost components on airline efficiency in India: A DEA approach. Asia Pacific Management Review, 23(4), 258-267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmrv.2017.12.001 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmrv.2017.12....
) |