Perceived Risk
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Physical Risk
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When visiting a farm hotel, I am afraid of… .
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Khan et al. (2017Khan, M. J., Chelliah, S., & Ahmed, S. (2017). Factors influencing destination image and visit intention among young women travellers: Role of travel motivation, perceived risks, and travel constraints.Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research,22(11), 1139‒1155. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2017.1374985 https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2017.13...
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RFIS1 |
..contracting Covid-19 during meals. |
RFIS2 |
...contracting epidemic diseases, such as Coviid-19. |
RFIS3 |
...being exposed to Covid-19 due to agglomerations. |
Financial Risk
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When thinking about traveling to a farm hotel during a pandemic, I am afraid that ...
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RFIN1 |
...it is not worth it economically. |
RFIN2 |
...I will have unexpected expenses. |
RFIN3 |
...it will be more expensive than other types of housing. |
Psychological and Social Risk
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To travel to a farm hotel during a pandemic....
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RPSI1 |
...is not compatible with my self-image. |
RPSI2 |
..impacts the way that I am seen by my friends. |
RPSI3 |
...does not bring personal satisfaction. |
RPSI4 |
...does not correspond to my status (social class). |
Performance Risk
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I consider that…
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RDES1 |
...farm hotels during a pandemic may be very crowded. |
RDES2 |
...the services of the farm hotels may be unsatisfactory. |
RDES3 |
...some services of the farm hotel may not be working due to the pandemic. |
RDES4 |
..the employees may not be kind during a pandemic due to the risk of contracting Covid-19. |
Time Risk
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RTEM1 |
To travel to a farm hotel during a pandemic would be a waste of time. |
RTEM2 |
To travel to a farm hotel during a pandemic would prevent me of using my precious time of rest. |
RTEM3 |
To plan and to prepare to a trip to a farm hotel during a pandemic would take a lot of time. |
Motivation of Protection
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Gravity
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GRAV1 |
I worry that me and my family will be infected by Covid-19. |
Deng et al. (2020Deng, S., Wang, W., Xie, P., Chao, Y., & Zhu, J. (2020). Perceived severity of COVID-19 and post-pandemic consumption willingness: The roles of boredom and sensation-seeking.Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 567784. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.567784 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.56778...
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GRAV2 |
During a pandemic, I think about which places the Covid-19 virus is present. |
GRAV3 |
I believe that the pandemic will still be present for a very long time. |
GRAV4 |
The things around me always remind me that the pandemic is nearby. |
GRAV5 |
I use to suspect that the people around me may be infected by Covid-19 |
GRAV6 |
I avoid contact with other people, believing that this diminishes the risk of infection. |
Vulnerability
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VULN1 |
In general, I am very susceptible to colds, flu and other infectious diseases. |
Duncan et al. (2009Duncan, L. A., Schaller, M., & Park, J. H. (2009). Perceived vulnerability to disease: Development and validation of a 15-item self-report instrument.Personality and Individual Differences,47(6), 541‒546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.05.001 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.05.0...
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VULN2 |
If a disease is “circulating” I will contract it. |
VULN3 |
My immune system protects me from most of the diseases that other people contract. |
VULN4 |
I have higher probability than other people around me of contracting Covid-19 |
VULN5 |
My previous experiences make me believe that is unlikely that I contract Covid-19, even if my friends do. |
Self-efficiency
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I may prevent myself from Covid-19...
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AEFI1 |
...by washing my hands and using alcohol in gel. |
Chua et al. (2021Chua, B. L., Al-Ansi, A., Lee, M. J., & Han, H. (2021). Impact of health risk perception on avoidance of international travel in the wake of a pandemic.Current Issues in Tourism,24(7), 985‒1002. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1829570 https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.18...
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AEFI2 |
..by using a mask. . |
AEFI3 |
...keeping social distance. |
Efficiency of the Response
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EFI1 |
In case I decide to travel, I consider that a farm hotel is an effective housing in the reduction of the risk of contracting Covid-19. |
Lee et al. (2019Lee, J. H., Mustapha, A., & Hwang, J. (2019) Enhancing ethnic restaurant visits and reducing risk perception: The effect of information and protection motivation. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights, 2(4), 341-357. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTI-10-2018-0068 https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTI-10-2018-006...
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EFI2 |
By being in contact with the nature is an effective way of reducing the chance of contracting Covid-19 n a trip. |
EFI3 |
To keep social distance in a farm hotel is an effective way to reduce the chance of contracting Covid-19 in a trip. |
EFI4 |
To use a mask in a hotel is an effective way of reducing the chance of contracting Covid-19 in a trip. |
Travel Motivation
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In case I decide to travel to a farm hotel is to… .
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Hosany et al. (2020Hosany, S., Buzova, D., & Sanz-Blas, S. (2020). The influence of place attachment, ad-evoked positive affect, and motivation on intention to visit: Imagination proclivity as a moderator.Journal of Travel Research,59(3), 477‒495. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287519830789 https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287519830789...
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Escapism
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MVESC1 |
...stay way from all of this. |
MVESC2 |
...escape from the routine. |
MVESC3 |
...forget everything. |
Relaxing
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MREL1 |
...relax. |
MREL2 |
...be near the nature. |
MREL3 |
...enjoy the view. |
MREL4 |
...reduce the accumulated tension. |
Enthusiasm
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MENT1 |
...do exciting things. |
MENT2 |
...enjoy the news. |
MENT3 |
...feel joy. |
Learning
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MAPR1 |
...know more about the local history of the area. |
MAPR2 |
...learn about the culture of the region. |
MAPR3 |
...discover new places. |
Prevention Protocols
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PREV1 |
To implement body temperature verification for clients at the entry. |
Lai and Wong (2020Lai, I. K. W., & Wong, J. W. C. (2020). Comparing crisis management practices in the hotel industry between initial and pandemic stages of COVID-19. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 32(10), 3135-3156. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-04-2020-0325 https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-04-2020-03...
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PREV2 |
To provide enough protection materials (such as masks) for the employees. |
PREV3 |
To educate the employees about the prevention knowledge of epidemics. |
PREV4 |
To remind guests of the importance of prevention of epidemics. |
PREV5 |
To implement enough cleaning and disinfection in the public areas of hotels. |
PREV6 |
To implement enough cleaning and disinfection in hotel rooms. |
Intention to Travel
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INT1 |
I would like to travel to a farm hotel in a near future, even during a pandemic. |
Bae and Chang (2021Bae, S. Y., & Chang, P. J. (2021). The effect of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) risk perception on behavioural intention towards ‘untact’tourism in South Korea during the first wave of the pandemic (March 2020).Current Issues in Tourism,24(7), 1017‒1035. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1798895 https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.17...
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INT2 |
I am planning on going to a farm hotel in a near future, even during a pandemic. |
INT3 |
I will make an effort to travel to a farm hotel in a near future, even during a pandemic. |
INT4 |
I will certainly invest time and money to travel to a farm hotel in a near future, even during a pandemic. |
Willingness to Pay More
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What is your willingness to pay more in a farm hotel…
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Hultman et al. (2015Hultman, M., Kazeminia, A., & Ghasemi, V. (2015). Intention to visit and willingness to pay premium for ecotourism: The impact of attitude, materialism, and motivation.Journal of Business Research,68(9), 1854‒1861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.01.013 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.0...
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DISP1 |
...which its practices favor the environmental preservation? |
DISP2 |
... in comparison to an “ordinary’ hotel? |
DISP3 |
...that offers a safer environment regarding sanitary protocols? |
DISP4 |
...that genuinely shows concern in protecting the guests’ health? |
DISP5 |
...that embodied edge technology to avoid contamination? |