Openness |
AB1 |
Business clients |
Laursen; Salter, (2006Laursen, K., & Salter, A. (2006). Open for innovation: the role of openness in explaining innovation performance among UK manufacturing firms.Strategic Management Journal ,27(2), 131-150., 2014Laursen, K., & Salter, A. J. (2014). The paradox of openness: Appropriability, external search and collaboration.Research policy,43(5), 867-878.); Cui et al., (2015)Cui, T., Ye, H. J., Teo, H. H., & Li, J. (2015). Information technology and open innovation: A strategic alignment perspective.Information & Management,52(3), 348-358.; Uduma, Wali and Wright, (2015)Uduma, I. A., Wali, A. F., & Wright, L. T. (2015). A quantitative study on the influence of breadth of open innovation on SMEs product-service performance: The moderating effect of type of innovation. Cogent Business & Management, 2(1), 1120421.; Laihonen et al., (2015)Laihonen, H., Aloini, D., Pellegrini, L., Lazzarotti, V., & Manzini, R. (2015). Technological strategy, open innovation and innovation performance: evidences on the basis of a structural-equation-model approach.Measuring Business Excellence .; Greco, Grimaldi & Cricelli (2016)Greco, M., Grimaldi, M., & Cricelli, L. (2016). An analysis of the open innovation effect on firm performance.European Management Journal,34(5), 501-516.; Freel & Robson (2017)Freel, M., & Robson, P. J. (2017). Appropriation strategies and open innovation in SMEs.International Small Business Journal,35(5), 578-596.
|
AB2 |
Individual clients or users |
AB3 |
Competitors |
AB4 |
Suppliers |
AB5 |
Consulting firms |
AB6 |
Business laboratories or private research institutes |
AB7 |
Universities or other higher education institutions |
AB8 |
Public sector and public research institutes |
AB9 |
Technical assistance and professional training centers |
AB10 |
Testing and certification institutions |
AB11 |
Business associations |
Appropriation (Formal and Informal) |
AF1 |
Registering industrial property (example: patents, trademarks, designs etc.). |
Cheng & Huizingh (2014)Cheng, C. C., & Huizingh, E. K. (2014). When is open innovation beneficial? The role of strategic orientation.Journal of product innovation management,31(6), 1235-1253. ; Aloini et al. (2015); Baldwin & Henkel (2015)Baldwin, C. Y., & Henkel, J. (2015). Modularity and intellectual property protection.Strategic Management Journal,36(11), 1637-1655.; Spithoven, Teirlinck (2015)Spithoven, A., & Teirlinck, P. (2015). Internal capabilities, network resources and appropriation mechanisms as determinants of R&D outsourcing. Research Policy , 44(3), 711-725.; Laihonen et al. (2015)Laihonen, H., Aloini, D., Pellegrini, L., Lazzarotti, V., & Manzini, R. (2015). Technological strategy, open innovation and innovation performance: evidences on the basis of a structural-equation-model approach.Measuring Business Excellence, 9(3), 22-41.; Zobel, Lokshin & Hagedoorn (2017)Zobel, A. K., Lokshin, B., & Hagedoorn, J. (2017). Formal and informal appropriation mechanisms: The role of openness and innovativeness. Technovation , 59, 44-54.; Freel and Robson (2017)Freel, M., & Robson, P. J. (2017). Appropriation strategies and open innovation in SMEs.International Small Business Journal,35(5), 578-596.; |
AF2 |
Registering computer software copyright and licensing out free of charge. |
AF3 |
Registering computer software copyright and selling rights. |
AF4 |
Licensing other types of copyrights. |
AI1 |
Adopting non-disclosure practices (confidentiality) over knowledge and innovations. |
AI2 |
Adopting practices to increase workforce retention. |
AI3 |
Increasing speed to launch new products/services. |
AI4 |
Increasing service and products complexity. |
AI5 |
Sharing knowledge with other actors (e.g.: clients, suppliers) in modules. |
Selective Revealing |
RS1 |
Revealing knowledge and innovations whose intellectual property rights the company owns. |
Henkel (2006)Henkel, J. (2006). Selective revealing in open innovation processes: The case of embedded Linux.Research Policy ,35(7), 953-969.; Alexy, George & Salter (2013)Alexy, O., George, G., & Salter, A. J. (2013). Cui bono? The selective revealing of knowledge and its implications for innovative activity.Academy of Management Review,38(2), 270-291.; Henkel, Scheorge & Alexy (2014)Henkel, J., Schöberl, S., & Alexy, O. (2014). The emergence of openness: How and why firms adopt selective revealing in open innovation.Research Policy ,43(5), 879-890.. |
RS2 |
Openly revealing knowledge and innovation to some organizations and individuals while keeping them a secret to others. |
RS3 |
Waiving intellectual property rights over some knowledge and innovations. |
RS4 |
Influencing other organizations to converge to our technological path so as to make others get iReducing development costs of new products and services. |
RS5 |
Outlining practices adopted by professionals and trade associations connected to our business. |
RS6 |
Using crowdsourcing (obtaining ideas through virtual communities) for other organizations or individuals to solve our problems. |
Innovation Performance |
DI1 |
Reducing development costs of new products and services. |
Laursen and Salter (2006)Laursen, K., & Salter, A. (2006). Open for innovation: the role of openness in explaining innovation performance among UK manufacturing firms.Strategic Management Journal ,27(2), 131-150.; Laihonen et al. (2015)Laihonen, H., Aloini, D., Pellegrini, L., Lazzarotti, V., & Manzini, R. (2015). Technological strategy, open innovation and innovation performance: evidences on the basis of a structural-equation-model approach.Measuring Business Excellence, 9(3), 22-41.; Cui et al. (2015)Cui, T., Ye, H. J., Teo, H. H., & Li, J. (2015). Information technology and open innovation: A strategic alignment perspective.Information & Management,52(3), 348-358.; Arora, Athreye & Huang (2016)Arora, A., Athreye, S., & Huang, C. (2016). The paradox of openness revisited: Collaborative innovation and patenting by UK innovators.Research Policy,45(7), 1352-1361.; D’Ambrosio et al. (2017)D’Ambrosio, A., Gabriele, R., Schiavone, F., & Villasalero, M. (2017). The role of openness in explaining innovation performance in a regional context.The Journal of Technology Transfer ,42(2), 389-408.
|
DI2 |
Reducing products and services trade time. |
DI3 |
Introducing new or significantly improved products and services. |
DI4 |
Introducing new or significantly improved processes. |
DI5 |
Opening new markets to your products and services. |