Physicochemical properties and penetration into dentinal tubules of calcium hypochlorite with surfactants

Coaguila-Llerena, Hernán; Toledo, Julia da Silva; Ramos, Ana Paula; Faria, Gisele

doi:10.1590/0103-6440202204567

Hernán Coaguila-Llerena

Department of Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo State University(UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, SP, Brazil

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9991-718X

Julia da Silva Toledo

Department of Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo State University(UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, SP, Brazil

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8421-1347

Ana Paula Ramos

Department of Chemistry, Ribeirão Preto College of Philosophy Sciences and Letters, São Paulo University(USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6200-8989

Gisele Faria

Department of Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo State University(UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, SP, Brazil

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7030-3718

Correspondence: Gisele Faria; Rua Humaitá, 1680, CEP: 14.801-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil. Phone number: +55 (16) 3301-6398 Fax number: +55 (16) 3301-6392 e-mail: gisele.faria@unesp.br

The authors deny any conflicts of interest related to this study.

Figures (4)
Tables (3)

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Figure 1
Effect of adding (a) benzalkonium chloride, (b) cetrimide, (c) Tween 80, and (d) Triton X-100 to water, 2.5% calcium hypochlorite solution [Ca(OCl)₂], and 2.5% sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl). The surface tension versus concentration (represented as log10 for better visualization) was used to determine the critical micellar concentration (CMC) of each surfactant in water, Ca(OCl)₂ and NaOCl.

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Figure 2
Mean and standard deviation of free calcium ions (mmol/L) of 2.5% calcium hypochlorite solution [Ca(OCl)₂] in association with benzalkonium chloride, cetrimide, Tween 80 and Triton X-100, at critical micellar concentration.

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Figure 3
Mean and standard deviation in micrometres (μm) of penetration depth into dentinal tubules of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl) and 2.5% calcium hypochlorite solution [Ca(OCl)₂] combined with benzalkonium chloride or Triton X-100. The mean value is shown in each column.

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Figure 4
Representative images of penetration depth into dentinal tubules of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl) and 2.5% calcium hypochlorite solution [Ca(OCl)₂] combined with benzalkonium chloride or Triton X-100 in cervical, middle and apical segments. The bleached crystal violet represents the penetration depth of irrigants into the dentine (arrow) (bar = 500 μm). De, dentine; RC, root canal.

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Table 1
Concentration range of benzalkonium chloride, cetrimide, Tween 80 and Triton X-100, used to determine the critical micellar concentration (CMC) in water, in 2.5% sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl) and in 2.5% calcium hypochlorite solution [Ca(OCl)₂]

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Table 2
Mean and standard deviation (in parentheses) of critical micellar concentration - CMC (in %) of benzalkonium chloride, cetrimide, Tween 80 and triton X-100in water, 2.5% sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl) and 2.5% calcium hypochlorite solution [Ca(OCl)₂], and the surface tension (in millinewton/meter) of the solutions with the surfactants at CMC.

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Table 3
Mean and standard deviation (in parenthesis) of physicochemical properties of pH and free available chlorine of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl) and 2.5% calcium hypochlorite solution [Ca(OCl)₂] with and without benzalkonium chloride, cetrimide, Tween 80 and Triton X-100 at critical micellar concentration (CMC)

Solution	Concentration of surfactant (%)
Water - benzalkonium chloride	0.001 - 2
Water - cetrimide	0.01 - 1
Water - Tween 80	0.000393 - 3
Water - Triton X-100	0.00312 - 3
2.5% NaOCl - benzalkonium chloride	0.001 - 1
2.5% NaOCl - cetrimide	0.0005 - 1
2.5% NaOCl - Tween 80	0.003 - 1
2.5% NaOCl - Triton X-100	0.00007 - 1
2.5% Ca(OCl)₂ - benzalkonium chloride	0.001 - 0.3
2.5% Ca(OCl)₂ - cetrimide	0.0001 - 0.2
2.5% Ca(OCl)₂ - Tween 80	0.003 - 1
2.5% Ca(OCl)₂ - Triton X-100	0.00007 - 1

Solution	Critical micellar concentration (%)	Surface tension (mN/m)
Water	-	72.81 (0.23) ^a
Water - benzalkonium chloride	0.1066 (0.0019%) ^a	35.87 (0.13) ^b
Water - cetrimide	0.1122 (0.0009%) ^a	36.22 (0.32) ^b
Water - Tween 80	0.0701 (0.0041%) ^b	45.89 (0.48) ^c
Water - Triton X-100	0.0249 (0.0004%) ^c	29.45 (0.33) ^d
2.5% NaOCl	-	69.66 (0.16) ^aA
2.5% NaOCl - benzalkonium chloride	0.0093 (0.0001%) ^aA	27.90 (0.21) ^bA
2.5% NaOCl - cetrimide	0.0065 (0.0005%) ^bA	30.74 (0.12) ^cA
2.5% NaOCl - Tween 80	0.0221 (0.0006%) ^cA	38.00 (0.41) ^dA
2.5% NaOCl - Triton X-100	0.0051 (0.0004%) ^dA	27.84 (0.39) ^bA
2.5% Ca(OCl)₂	-	68.30 (0.47) ^aB
2.5% Ca(OCl)₂ - benzalkonium chloride	0.0098 (0.0003%) ^aA	29.27 (0.24) ^bB
2.5% Ca(OCl)₂ - cetrimide	0.0066 (0.0001%) ^bA	32.42 (0.18) ^cB
2.5% Ca(OCl)₂ - Tween 80	0.0248 (0.0013%) ^cB	41.92 (0.83) ^dB
2.5% Ca(OCl)₂ - Triton X-100	0.0111 (0.0003%) ^aB	27.63 (0.07) ^eA

Solution	pH	Free available chlorine (% w/w)
2.5% NaOCl	12.33 (0.17) ^aA	2.54 (0.08) ^aA
2.5% NaOCl - benzalkonium chloride	12.25 (0.02) ^aA	2.52 (0.06) ^aA
2.5% NaOCl - cetrimide	12.36 (0.03) ^aA	2.50 (0.04) ^aA
2.5% NaOCl - Tween 80	12.42 (0.04) ^aA	2.56 (0.02) ^aA
2.5% NaOCl - Triton X-100	12.29 (0.05) ^aA	2.57 (0.04) ^aA
2.5% Ca(OCl)₂	11.76 (0.01) ^bB	2.61 (0.02) ^aA
2.5% Ca(OCl)₂ - benzalkonium chloride	11.76 (0.04) ^bB	2.55 (0.04) ^aA
2.5% Ca(OCl)₂ - cetrimide	11.84 (0.07) ^bB	2.62 (0.02) ^aA
2.5% Ca(OCl)₂ - Tween 80	11.79 (0.05) ^bB	2.57 (0.04) ^aA
2.5% Ca(OCl)₂ - Triton X-100	11.81 (0.04) ^bB	2.57 (0.04) ^aA

[1] Correspondence: Gisele Faria; Rua Humaitá, 1680, CEP: 14.801-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil. Phone number: +55 (16) 3301-6398 Fax number: +55 (16) 3301-6392 e-mail: gisele.faria@unesp.br

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Physicochemical properties and penetration into dentinal tubules of calcium hypochlorite with surfactants

Abstract