The Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine was started in June 1899. The following year, two of its staff members, Herbert Edward Durham (1866-1945) and Walter Myers (1872-1901), traveled to Belém, in Brazil, to conduct research on yellow fever. During a stop-over in Havana, they had the opportunity to meet with U.S. scientists studying the disease there. Durham and Myers brought with them the hypothesis that yellow fever was transmitted by a host insect, much like malaria, whose transmission had recently been deciphered by British and Italian researchers. Yet in Brazil, they persisted in the hypothesis of a bacterial etiology, rather than adopting the breakthrough approach to yellow fever that had been made possible by the program in tropical medicine. This paradox can be explained by examining both Durham's and Myers' backgrounds, which were interwoven with that of another researcher, Alfredo Antunes Kanthack (1863-1898), who was born in Bahia and was one of the central protagonists in the institution of microbiology and immunology in England.
Herbert Edward Durham; Walter Myers; Alfredo Antunes Kanthack; Yellow fever; Tropical medicine; Immunology