(1a)
g-épágu
dúni
g-ibɔ́
ɛ-gũ
mahɪ̃
i-o
g-oɾékɯ̃
NM-jaguar
two
NM-duck
3SG-kill
there
3SG-edge
NM-bay
‘The jaguar killed two ducks at the bay.’
(1b)
ójo
na-nuna-ti-o
mani
3
ovɯ-ɾu
áɾio-fɛ́
mani
g-ovɯ
1SG
IPFV-make-FUT-1SG
DEM
house-1SG
INTS-be.big
DEM
NM-house
‘I will make a house (lit.: my house), a big house (lit.: the house is big).’
Table 1
Possessive affixes
(2a)
m-évɯ́-jo
a-ɾa-jo
(2b)
ma-gaɾe-jo
PRED-woman-1SG
1SG-COP-1SG
PRED-brazilian-1SG
‘I am a woman.’
‘I am Brazilian.’
(3a)
ma-to-
d͡ʒɔ́-he
gʷa-ɾa
(3b)
m-ot͡ʃíbɔ-he
gʷa-ɾa
PRED-AUG-chief-2
2-COP
PRED-witch-2
2-COP
‘You are a big chief.’
‘You are a witch.’
(4a)
mani
go-dɛ́
ma-
ʃéuvɯ́
ɛ-ɾa
DEM
NM-man
PRED-Guató
3SG-COP
‘This man is a Guató.’
(4b)
na-dágát͡ʃí-jo
mani
go-hɯ
ma-d͡ʒájɛ́
IPFV-know-1SG
DEM
NM-jabiru
PRED-bird
‘I know that jabiru is a bird.’
(5)
oʃʲi-ɾu
m-adá
ɛ-ɾa
comb-1SG
PRED-wood
3SG-COP
‘My hair comb is (made of) wood.’
(6)
m-ot͡ʃɛ́
ɛ-ɾa
mani
a-fɛ-ɾu
PRED-cotton
3SG-COP
DEM
1SG-clothes-1SG
‘My clothes are (made of) cotton.’
Table 2
Singular subject markers on intransitive verbs and predicative nouns.
(7)
ójo
na-f
ɯ́-jo
mahĩ-gɯɾɯ
go-d͡ʒékɯ̃
1SG
IPFV-swim-1SG
there-INTS
NM-river
‘I swim there, in the river.’
(8)
óhe
n-átṹga-he
2
IPFV-snore-2
‘You snore.’
(9)
a-d͡ʒɛo-ɾu
na-hɛ̃́gigi
1SG-husband-1SG
IPFV-smoke
‘My husband smokes.’
(10)
má-kɯ́ni-jo
PFV-sleep-1SG
‘I slept.’
(11)
má-hɛ̃́gigi-he
PFV-smoke-2
‘You smoked.’
(12)
go-tiát͡ʃɔ
má-d͡ʒáki
NM-broom
PFV-break
‘The broom broke.’
(13)
má-kɯɾa-jo
PFV-be.tired-1SG
‘I got tired.’
(14)
má-gahe-he
PFV-be.drunk-2
‘You got drunk.’
(15)
g-ikɯ́vai
m-át͡ʃaɾa
NM-pan
PFV-be.dry
‘The pan got empty.’
(16)
óhe
m-aót͡ʃe-gɯ̃-he
gʷa-ɾa
2
PRED-to.cook-INTRZ-2
2-COP
‘You are a cook.’
(17)
ójo
ma-gɯ́-d͡ʒ-égɯ̃ti-jo
a-ɾa-ɾu
1SG
PRED-sell-e-fish-1SG
1SG-COP-1SG
‘I am a fishmonger.’
(18)
ójo
m-ahɔ́-kɯ́-jo
a-ɾa-ɾu
1SG
PRED-hunt-capybara-1SG
1SG-COP-1SG
‘I am a hunter.’
(19)
ójo
m-ahɔ́-vaká-jo
a-ɾa-ɾu
1SG
PRED-hunt-cow-1SG
1SG-COP-1SG
‘I am a herdsman.’
(20)
óhe
ma-kí-he
gʷa-ɾa
2
PRED-to.fish-2
2-COP
‘You are a fisherman.’
(21)
mani
go-dɛ
ma-gṹ-dɛ
ɛ-ɾa
DEM
NM-man
PRED-kill-man
3SG-COP
‘This man is a criminal.’
(22)
óhe
n-aót͡ʃe-gɯ̃-he
n-ítɯvɯ
gw-aót͡ʃa
2
IPFV-to.cook-INTRZ-2
IPFV-be.good
2-to.cook
‘You cook well.’ (lit.: ‘You cook, your cooking is good.’)
(23)
na-gɯ́-jo
mani
g-égɯ̃ti
IPFV-sell-1SG
DEM
NM-fish
‘I sell fish.’
(24)
óio
n-ahɔ́-jo
go-kɯ́
1SG
IPFV-hunt-1SG
NM-capybara
‘I hunt capybaras.’
(25)
óio
n-ahɔ́-jo
go-vaká
1SG
IPFV-hunt-1SG
NM-cow
‘I look after cows.’
(26)
na-kí-o
IPFV-to.fish-1SG
‘I fish.’
(27)
mani
go-dɛ
n-ɛ-gṹ
go-ʃéuvɯ́
DEM
NM-man
IPFV-3SG-kill
NM-Guató
‘This man kills people.’
(28)
ójo
na-gát͡ʃa-ga-jo
mani
go-fédito
1SG
IPFV-dance-pst-1SG
DEM
NM-party
‘I used to dance at parties.’
(29)
ójo
m-ahɔ́-vaká-ga-jo
a-ɾa-ɾu
1SG
PRED-hunt-cow-pst-1SG
1SG-COP-1SG
‘I used to be a herdsman.’
(30)
óhe
ma-d͡ʒɔ́-ga-he
gwa-ɾa
2
PRED-chief-pst-2
2-COP
‘You used to be the chief.’
(31)
mahĩ
g-oɾékɯ̃
ma-t͡ʃájovɯ-ga
ɛ-ɾa
dem.dist
NM-bay
PRED-town-pst
3SG-COP
‘That bay used to be a town.’
(32)
ójo
na-gʷó-ti-jo
g-égɯ̃ti
1SG
IPFV-to.fish-FUT-1SG
NM-fish
‘I will fish.’
(33)
ójo
ma-ʃéuvɯ́-ti-jo
mani
a-ɾa-jo
1SG
PRED-Guató-FUT-1SG
DEM
1SG-COP-1SG
‘I will be a Guató.’
(34)
óhe
m-ahɔ́-kɯ́-ti-he
gwa-ɾa
2
PRED-hunt-capybara-FUT-2
2-COP
‘You will be a hunter.’
(35)
m-áfí-ti
PRED-night-fut
‘It is going to be night.’
(36)
mani
go-dɛ́
na-ta-ɾát͡ʃiéd͡ʒa
DEM
NM-man
IPFV-des-go.away
‘The man wants to go away.’
(37)
ójo
na-t-ahɔ́-kɯ́-jo
1SG
IPFV-des-hunt-capybara-1SG
‘I want to be a hunter.’
(38)
óhe
na-ta-gí-he
2
IPFV-des-mother-2
‘You want to be a mother.’
(39)
mani
na-ta-dɛ́
DEM
IPFV-des-man
‘This one wants to be a man.’
(40)
o-kwájd͡ʒĩ
g-afóɾata
IMP-throw.away
NM-ashes
‘Throw the ashes away!’
(41)
tí-gahɛ-ɾehe
PROH-be.drunk-2SG.NEG
‘Don’t get drunk!’
(42)
í-ké-jo
OBG-travel-1SG
‘I have to travel.’
(43)
i-káni-ɾu
g-áfí
NEG-walk-1SG.NEG
NM-night
‘I do not walk at night.’
(44)
óhe
mani
i-aho-ɾehe
2
DEM
NEG-sing-2NEG
‘You do not sing.’
(45)
mani
a-d͡ʒɛo-ɾu
iá-hɛ̃́gigi
DEM
1SG-husband-1SG
NEG-smoke
‘My husband does not smoke.’
(46a)
ójo
mani
íni
ma-ʃéuvɯ́-ɾu
1SG
DEM
NEG
PRED-Guató-1SG.NEG
‘I am not Guató.’
(46b)
ójo
íni
m-ahɔ́-kɯ́-ɾu
1SG
NEG
PRED-hunt-capybara-1SG
‘I am not a hunter.’
(47a)
óhe
mani
íni
m-évɯ́-ɾehe
2
DEM
NEG
PRED-woman-2NEG
‘You are not a woman.’
(47b)
óhe
ni
ma-ʃéuvɯ́-ɾehe
2
NEG
PRED-Guató-2NEG
‘You are not Guató.’
(48a)
mani
a-d͡ʒɛo-ɾu
íni
ma-ʃéuvɯ́
DEM
1SG-husband-1SG
NEG
PRED-Guató
‘My husband is not Guató.’
(48b)
mani
a-d͡ʒɛo-ɾu
íni
ma-gáɾegu
DEM
1SG-husband-1SG
NEG
PRED-Paraguayan
‘My husband is not Paraguayan.’
(49)
mani
go-t͡ʃédafɛ
na-i-gʷáɾi
DEM
NM-clothes
IPFV-ATTR-mark
‘The clothes have writings/pictures (on them).’
(50)
na-i-kɯ́
g-iɾod͡ʒí
i-hia-kũ
IPFV-ATTR-egg
NM-Southern.lapwing
3SG-REFL-nest
‘The Southern lapwing (Vanellus chilensis) has eggs in its nest.’
(51a)
áɾio-pṹ
mani
a-úni-ɾu
INTS-be.much
DEM
1SG-cry-1SG
‘I cried a lot.’
(51b)
áɾio-dí-t͡ʃumu
mani
a-úni-ɾu
INTS-DIM-be.a.little
DEM
1SG-cry-1SG
‘I cried a little.’
(52a)
áɾio-pṹ
mani
a-toɾa-ɾu
(52b)
áɾio-dí-t͡ʃumu
mani
a-to
ɾ
a-ɾu
INTS-be.many
DEM
1SG-child-1SG
INTS-DIM-be.a.few
DEM
1SG-child-1SG
‘I have many children.’
‘I have a few children.’
(53)
t͡ʃúmu
mani
ɛ-dúnihi
three
DEM
3SG-brother
‘He/she has three brothers.’
(54)
t͡ʃúmu
mani
i-k
ɯniá
three
DEM
3SG-throw.up
‘He/she threw up three times.’
(55)
mani
g-aót͡ʃe-gɯ̃
má-e-ɾɯgɯ́ki
mani
g-égɯ̃ti
DEM
NM-to.cook-intrz
PFV-3SG-cut
DEM
NM-fish
‘The cook cut the fish.’
(56)
má-ku
go-
ɾákwá
PFV-finish
NM-be.cold
‘The cold weather has ended.’
(57)
na-d͡ʒuáɾa-ga-jo
mani
g-aja
IPFV-know-pst-1SG
DEM
NM-shoot
‘I used to know how to shoot.’ (Lit.: ‘I used to know the shooting.’)
(58)
í-ánuna-tãgi-jo
OBG-make-cigarette-1SG
‘I have to make a cigarette.’
(59)
m-okɯ́-ɾe
go-t͡ʃɛ́-gɯ̃
IMP.NEG-drink-IMP.NEG
NM-be.rotten-water
‘Do not drink the spoiled water!’
(60)
go-hɯ
gʷ-ánuna-kũ
NM-jabiru
PROG-make-nest
‘The jabiru is making a nest.’
(61)
ma-gũ
7
-hɯ
PRED-nest-jabiru
‘(It is) a jabiru nest.’
(62a)
ma-gɯ́-kʷɔ́
PRED-egg-alligator
‘(It is) an alligator egg.’
(62b)
má-ɾo-gɯ́-kʷɔ́-jo
PFV-eat-egg-alligator-1SG
‘I ate an alligator egg.’
(63a)
ma-bɛ̃hɛ̃-ɾo
PRED-be.sweet-food
‘(It is) rapadura.’
(63b)
gwá-ɾo-bɛ̃hɛ̃-ɾo-jo
prog-eat-be.sweet-food-1SG
‘I am eating rapadura.’