(1)
uru-i-‘a-nake
atuwe
hẽhẽ-’i
ware-yü̃-‘eye-‘ẽ
sing-NMLZ-3SG.REFL-COND
elder
angry-NMLZ
go-DIR:close-3PL.PAT-DECL
‘Always if one would organise a party, the old-timers would go there.’
(2)
hisa
hideka-a-dupa
detya
hane
pau~pau-pa-ẽ
I
strong-1SG.PAT-CONC
woman
water
run~run-CLF:fruit-DECL
‘Even though I am strong, my wife fetches the water.’
(3)
João
ware-dua-pü
dara-ne
düni-ẽ
João
arrive-DIR:in-SS
hammock-LOC
lie-DECL
‘João entered (the house) and lay down in the hammock.’
(4)
João
ware-du-na
Maria
düni-ẽ
João
arrive-DIR:in-DS
Maria
lie-DECL
‘João entered (the house) and Maria lay down.’
(5)
hisa
Maurício-xa-pü
tipa-xa-isuwã-ẽ
I
Maurício-1PL-SS
go.ahead-1PL-REM.PST-DECL
‘Maurício and I went, we went ahead.’
(6)
hine
pu-dia-na
hĩzã
ãwĩwã-me-te’-ẽ
fire
light-1SG.CAUS-DS
you
sleep-2SG-PST-DECL
‘I made fire, then you slept.’
xüxüwe’ene
‘The Oldtime Women’
A traditional Aikanã tale, told by Raimunda Dadü Kwã’ĩ, in Barroso, 6 May 1996.
(a1)
kureza-deri
detya-deri-ye
bu~bu-ke-pe-na
man-3.POSS
woman-3.POSS-ACC
beat~beat-3.AG-CLF:round-DS
ke-PE-na
yo-e-pü
kya-pü
3.AG-CLF:round-DS
cry-3.INTR-SS
then-SS
‘Her husband always beat his wife, he did, and she cried until she stopped crying,’
(a2)
wãwã’ĩ-deri-‘ene-‘ete
xa-na-xüne-re-’ẽ
küine-‘ete-ne
he-pü
child-3.POSS-COLL-ALL
1PL-DIR:hither-DIR:return-FUT-IMP1
old.garden-ALL-LOC
say-SS
‘she said to her children “Let’s leave and return to our old farmstead!”,’
(a3)
xü-pa-ne-’ee-pü
kya-pü
küine
keza
DIR:return-TR-PFV-3PL.PAT-SS
then-SS
old.garden
house
tü-rika-daika-‘i-ne
ware-du-pa-ne’e-pü
kya-nã
put-DIR:floor-DIR:remain-NMLZ-LOC
walk-DIR:in-CLF:fruit-PFV-SS
then-DS
‘she took them and they went, and got to their old plantation and entered into the abandoned house, which was still standing, and then’
(a4)
pene-ne
nu-pene-dupa-na
mama-deri
haki
dusk-LOC
yard-dusk-CNTRX-DS
mother-3.POSS
maize
hana-ke-PE-pü
kya-pü
hara~hara-ke-PE-ẽ
kya-na
peel-3.AG-CLF:round-SS
then-SS
toast~toast-3.AG-CLF:round-DECL
then-DS
‘late afternoon, as it was already getting dark in the yard, their mother was peeling off the maize husks, toasting the maize, and then,’
(a5)
haki
xitu~xitu-’ẽ
pai~pai-duka-yü̃-ẽ
maize
pop~pop-DECL
pop~pop-DIR:away-CLF:hollow-DECL
‘the maize was popping. “It’s popping out of the pan.”2’
(a6)
baba
nukyapa-hãyã-pü
da-ka-kaPE-re-hãyã-re
father
behind-1PL.PAT-SS
kill-1SG-CLF:head-FUT-1PL.PAT-EXCL3
wãwã’ĩ-deri-ene-ete
yo-pa-’eye-pü
kya-pü
child-3.POSS-COLL-ALL
cry-tr-3PL.PAT-SS
then-SS
‘“Would father be coming after us in order to kill us?”, she cried out of fear for her children, then’
(a7)
dupa-na
iza-yiye
penene-ne
dupa-na
CNTRX-DS
far-again
afternoon-LOC
CNTRX-DS
‘however, some time later, it was getting really late in the afternoon, then,’
(a8)
i’iwe
dae-nu-na-pa-’i-ye
wãwã’ĩ-deri-‘ene-‘ete
jaguar
move-CLF:soil-DIR:hither-CLF:part-NMLZ-ACC
child-3.POSS-COLL-ALL
hĩwa-keza-ẽ
i’iwe
‘e-na
that.way-3SG.CAUS-DECL
jaguar
3PL.PAT-DS
‘“Look there, a jaguar is coming into the yard”, she said to the children,’
(a9)
wãwã’ĩ
xua-e-pü
yo-ka-re-e-na
child
see-3.INTR-SS
cry-1SG-FUT-3.INTR-DS
‘the child saw it and was about to cry,’
(a10)
yo-me-rete’ẽ
kuka-pü
atu-ne
dae-dui-pa-pü
cry-2SG-NEG.IMP
say.TR-SS
mortar-LOC
move-DIR:in-CLF:part-SS
nãixi
apa-’isu-deri-ye
pü<’ã>yãka-pü
mat
call-HAB-NMLZ-ACC
cover<3SG.REFL>-SS
‘“Don’t cry!”, she told it and they entered into the mortar and covered themselves with the mat, which is called nãixi,’
(a11)
hikirine-pü
kya-nake
i’iwe
hürüwa-pi-pa-’ẽ
dark-SS
then-COND
jaguar
rise-DIR:base-CLF:part-DECL
‘it had got dark when the jaguar rose from the base of the mortar (where it had been lying).’
(a12)
hũnu-rikape-’ẽ
hine-ne
hũnu=kadu-’ẽ
kya-pü
sniff-DIR:inside-DECL
fire-LOC
sniff=inside-DECL
then-SS
ene-pi-pa-xüne-’ẽ
tighten-DIR:base-CLF:part-DIR:return-DECL
‘He was sniffing all around the house, even in the embers of the fire, and then he lay down embracing the mortar again.’
(a13)
hürüwa-pi-pa-’ẽ
di<’a>wa-kuka-’ẽ
hiiye-’ẽ
rise-DIR:base-CLF:part-DECL
stretch<3SG.REFL>-CLF:body-DECL
hiss-DECL
‘Then he rose, and stretched himself, and was hissing.’
(a14)
wãwã’ĩ
yo-he-rete’ẽ
he-’ẽ
child
cry-3.INTR-NEG.IMP
say-DECL
‘She told the children not to cry’
(a15)
xüxü’i
suPI-ke-wa-pa-ẽ
dürü-dui-pa-pü
breast
insert-3.AG-CLF:mouth-TR-DECL
sit-DIR:in-CLF:round-SS
‘She stuck her breast into the child’s mouth, as they were sitting inside the mortar,’
(a16)
deri-hẽyã-nuPE-dupa-na
i’iwe
hürüwa-PI-pa-pü
lighten-DIR:down-DIR:yard-CNTRX-DS
jaguar
rise-DIR:base-CLF:part-SS
hika-de-pa-ne-na
leave-DIR:outside-CLF:part-PFV-DS
‘dawn was arriving in the yard when the jaguar rose from the base of the mortar and left the house,’
(a17)
detya
hürüwa-dui-pa-pü
xua=hika-kü-ẽ
woman
rise-DIR:in-CLF:round-DECL
see=leave-DIR:close-DECL
‘the woman rose from inside the mortar and looked outside, her eyes following the jaguar.’
(a18)
i’iwe-‘ete
hika-de-kü-nunu
ka-xüne-ta-he-deri-‘ete-ne
jaguar-ALL
leave-DIR:outside-DIR:close-MIR
1SG-DIR:return-REM.FUT-3.INTR-NMLZ-ALL-LOC
paw=hika-paipa-‘i-ye
katene
xa-ne-ta-xa-’i-‘ete-ne
run=leave-DIR:ahead-NMLZ-ACC
there
1PL-PFV-REM.FUT-1PL-NMLZ-ALL-LOC
kaza-i
i’iwe
he-pü
be-INT
jaguar
say-SS
‘“Now look, where the jaguar is going to run ahead, is it in the same direction where we are going home?”, she wondered,’
(a19)
kãwã
kari
kaza-hãyã-re-‘ẽ
he-pü
be.like
that
be-1PL.PAT-FUT-IMP
say-SS
‘“Well, let him get us! (rather than father killing us)”, she said,’
(a20)
katene
na-xü-pa-ne-pü
pü
there
DIR:hither-DIR:return-TR-PFV-SS
SS
‘that is where she returned home (taking the children along), then,’
(a21)
kureza-deri-ete
ka-me-a-‘ẽ
bu~bu-me-pe-‘isu-a-pü
i’iwe
man-3.POSS-ALL
do-2SG-1SG.PAT-DECL
beat~beat-2SG-CLF:round-HAB-1SG.PAT-SS
jaguar
pau-nwãpa-hãyã-ẽ
kau-hã-yã’e-ẽ
kuka-pü
yo-he-pü
run-enter.behind-1PL.PAT-DECL
eat-1SG.PAT-CNTR-DECL
say.TR-SS
cry-3.INTR-SS
‘she said to her husband “You have done this to me. Because you used to beat me like that, the jaguar came in after us. He almost devoured me.”, she said, crying,’
(a22)
kãwã-’ĩ
apa-isu-’ĩwãte
be.like-NMLZ
tell-HAB-ADMON
‘that is how it is being told.’
(a6)
baba
nukyapa-hãyã-pü
da-ka-kaPE-re-hãyã-re
father
behind-1PL.PAT-SS
kill-1SG-CLF:head-FUT-1PL.PAT-EXCL
‘Would father be coming after us in order to kill us?’
(7)
si
wεra
onε-kɨwɨ
oja-da-tsɨ-tse
I
Vera
come-COND
go-1SG-POT-DECL
‘When Vera arrives, I will leave.’
(8)
awɨ-hɨ̃-da-lete
ba-da-ki
cold-NMLZ-1SG-CONC
cut-1SG-DECL
‘Even though I was cold, I cleared a field.’
(9)
bilotswa
e-he-da-ta
okya-he-da-ki
shotgun
have-NEG-1SG-DEP
hunt-NEG-1SG-DECL
‘I can’t hunt, because I don’t have a shutgun.’
(10)
tyari-da-ta
yo-da-mɨ̃
shoot-1SG-DEP
devour-1SG-VOL
‘I’m going to kill and devour him!’
(11)
si
isihɨ̃-da-si
ori-hɨ̃-ki
I
secure-1SG-SWR
ascend-NMLZ-DECL
‘I helped him climb up.’
(12)
onε-si
oja-ta-da-hɨ̃-ki
arrive-SWR
leave-TR-1SG-NMLZ-DECL
‘He returned and I went there.’
(13)
kwε-da-si
wadɨ-xa-ki
txi’a-wã
enter-1SG-SWR
give-2SG-DECL
Txi’a-ACC
‘I entered and you gave something to Txi’a.’
(14)
tswa-wã
mε͂-ta
emã-ki
man-ACC
beat-DEP
cry-DECL
‘She beat the man and she cried.’
(15)
etaɨ
tswa-wã
mε͂-dɨ-ta
emã-ki
tswa
woman
man-ACC
beat-DS-DEP
cry-DECL
MAN
‘The woman beat the man and the man cried.’
hakainahere
‘The Oldtime People’5
An Aikanã tale, retold in Kwaza by Mario Kyikãu Mãdε, in Barroso, 8 May 1996.
(k1)
exwa-tyate
mε͂-tyaryɨ̃-dɨ-ta
a-tara-hɨ̃-ta
mε͂-‘e-dɨ-ta
emã=hãrã-tya
husband-3.POSS
beat-much-DS-DEP
exist-PROC-NMLZ-DEP
beat-too-DS-DEP
cry=stop-MAN
‘She was accustomed to her husband always hitting her, and when he beat again, she just stopped crying,’
(k2)
etohoi-nahere-wã
hɨ̃dε
ya-‘ɨ̃-ryɨ̃
karitywa-na
ε-‘a-ta
a-‘a-ta
atxitxi
child-COLL-ACC
go!
DIST-this-CD:area
old.field-LOC
go-1PL.INC-DEP
exist-1PL.INC-DEP
maize
manini-tsɨ-hɨ̃
hude-‘a-ta
ya-‘a-ta
a-‘a-ni-tya
ta-ta
fish-GER-NMLZ
splash-1PL.INC-DEP
eat-1PL.INC-DEP
exist-1PL.INC-EXH-MAN
talk-DEP
‘she said to her children: “Let’s go there to the old farmstead, we go there, we’ll live there, we’ll dry and eat maize and fish, let’s live there!”’
(k3)
wε
karitywa-na
tya
a-‘ete-ta
bring
old.field-LOC
MAN
exist-COM-DEP
‘taking (the children) to the old farmstead they lived there together,’
(k4)
oyaburu-tya
atxitxi
kã-to-ta
arrive-MAN
maize
toast-CLF:kernel-DEP
‘they arrived there and toasted maize,’
(k5)
tya
kã-to-da-hɨ̃-here-tsɨ-hɨ̃=wara
atxitxi
bεrεrε-ta
tana
bε
MAN
toast-CLF:kernel-1SG-NMLZ-INTL-GER-NMLZ=but
maize
pop-DEP
well
bang!
‘so she was toasting the maize while suddenly it popped (loudly): “bang!”’
(k6)
yiye-dɨ-ta
tsuhũ-rati
nãi-re
ti-nãi-da-ki-tya
nãi-re
break-DS-DEP
what-FOC
like-INT
what-like-1SG-DECL-MAN
like-INT
‘it cracked, “Why is it acting like that; what did I do?”, she said, “Why?”’
(k7)
aha
tsasi-ta
huhui=asa-‘eteya-nã-tehere-tya
ta-ta
father
follow-DEP
kill=end-1PL.OBJ-FUT-APPR-MAN
talk-DEP
‘“I think father will come after us to kill us”, she said,’
(k8)
ũi-nã-tsɨ-hɨ̃=wara
tsileta
tsileta-tya
awɨ̃i=xare-ritsa-hɨ̃=wara
lie-FUT-GER-NMLZ=but
afternoon
afternoon-MAN
see=turn-DIR:outside-NMLZ=but
yerexwa-le
jaguar-only
‘they had gone to sleep, but at (early) night when (she) looked outside there was a jaguar!’
(k9)
tana
hɨ-sinywa-nɨ̃-dɨ-ta
well
move-CD:yard-REFL-DS-DEP
‘then, it was approaching over the yard,’
(k10)
kui
yerexwa-tadɨ-tya
ta-hɨ̃=wara
etohoi
ɨro-damɨ̃-dɨ-ta
my!
jaguar-EXCL-MAN
talk-NMLZ=but
child
cry-want-DS-DEP
‘“My! That’s a jaguar, isn’t it?”, she said, but then the son was about to cry,’
(k11)
ɨro-he-kɨ-tya
ta-ta
cry-NEG-NEG.IMP-MAN
talk-DEP
‘“Don’t cry!”, she said,’
(k12)
hou
dukɨ-hɨ̃
houwaria-tya
hε-na
hɨ-tye-tya
take
other-NMLZ
hang-MAN
mortar-LOC
move-CLF:hole-MAN
iritsi-tye-nɨ̃-hɨ̃-dɨ-ta
cover-CLF:hole-REFL-NMLZ-DS-DEP
‘she took him, and took the other one into her sling hanging and entered the hole of the mortar and covered themselves, whereupon...’
(k13)
yerexwa
kwε=buru-tya
hẽu-ryɨ̃=hɨhɨrwa-silona=baru-tya
jaguar
inside=arrive-MAN
smell-CD:area=move-DIR:corner=do.ALL-MAN
‘entering the house the jaguar smelled around, walking to all corners;...’
(k14)
hε-na
bukya-ta
yãsi-tyaryɨ̃
akwate
dɨ-ta
mortar-LOC
lie-DEP
hear-much
inside
DS-DEP
‘it lay down at the foot of the mortar, probing the sounds inside, as...’
(k15)
etohoi
ɨro-nã-dɨ-ta
ɨro-tsi-tya
tyẽrẽ-le
kunũ-dɨ-tya
child
cry-FUT-DS-DEP
cry-ADMON-MAN
breast-only
suck-CAUS-MAN
‘the child was about to cry, so she just gave it the breast to suckle for it not to cry,’
(k16)
tana
hɨ̃-dɨ-ta
tana
daityotonɨ̃-tya
hɨhɨrwa-kwate
du=ĩ’ĩta-tya
well
NMLZ-DS-DEP
well
rise.up-MAN
move-DIR:inside
finish=always-MAN
‘then, thereafter the jaguar stood up and kept on walking everywhere around the house,’
(k17)
tana
budɨnɨhɨ̃-tya
hi=ĩ’ĩta-dɨ-ta
tana
nanãi-tya
well
stretch-MAN
hiss=always-DS-DEP
well
very-MAN
‘then it stretched itself and didn’t stop sniffing and hissing around like that,’
(k18)
tana
bukya-ryate-ta
tana
he~hẽu-ryɨ̃
ĩ’ĩta
haya-ta
well
lie-DIR:rim-DEP
well
red~smell-CD:area
always
day-DEP
‘it was lying by the side of the mortar, continuously sniffing around until sunrise,’
(k19)
tana
haya
buru-dɨ-ta
ta
haya-siwã-dɨ-ta
harɨkɨ
well
day
arrive-DS-DEP
dep
day-CD:yard-DS-DEP
now
daitotonɨ̃-ta
bui-hɨ̃-dɨ-ta
harɨkɨ
stand.up-DEP
leave-NMLZ-DS-DEP
now
‘then day arrived, and the daylight shone in the yard, and then the jaguar rose, and left the house, uh,’
(k20)
diri-tya
awɨ̃i
tsasi-le-ki
ε-da-te-tsɨ-ryɨ̃
tana
rise-MAN
see
follow-only-DECL
go-1SG-PURP-POT-CD:area
well
hɨ-dwa=leya-dɨ-ta
move-DIR:onto=ahead-DS-DEP
‘getting up (from the mortar) she looked “It went ahead in the direction I should go,’
(k21)
ε-‘a-te=yã-ryɨ̃=wara
nãi-re
leya-rai-ki=tya
ta
go-1PL-PURP=be-CD:area=but
like-INT
ahead-damn-DECL=MAN
talk
etohoi-tyate-wã
tya
ta-ta
child-3.POSS-ACC
MAN
talk-DEP
‘now that direction where we are headed, it went ahead, damned!”, she said talking to her son,’
(k22)
ta
hɨ̃dε
ε-‘a-ni
nanãi-‘eteya-lε
yerexwa
DEP
let’s.go!
go-1PL-EXH
very-1PL.OBJ-PREC
jaguar
kahε=asa-‘eteya-tara-tsε-tya
ta-dɨ-ta
bite=end-1PL.OBJ-PROC-DECL-MAN
talk-DS-DEP
‘then she said “Let’s go! Let it have its way with us, let the jaguar just try to tear us up!”’
(k23)
ta
ε-tya
oyaburu-tya
DEP
go-MAN
arrive-MAN
‘then having gone (home) and arrived,’
(k24)
ĩ
mε͂-tyaryɨ̃-ta-nãi-ko
etohoi-nahere
wε=ε-da-ta
nothing
beat-much-1SG.OBJ-NMLZ-INST
child-COLL
bring=go-1SG-DEP
‘“Because of (your) beating me so much for no reason I took the children and left...’
(k25)
bukwa-‘ete-da-hɨ̃-here-da-hɨ̃=wara
yerexwa
tsye-‘eteya-le-ki
live-COM-1SG-NMLZ-INTL-1SG-NMLZ=but
jaguar
grab-1PL.OBJ-FRUST-DECL
mε͂-tyaryɨ̃-ta-nãi-ko-tya
ta-ki
beat-much-1SG.OBJ-NMLZ-INST-MAN
talk-DECL
‘I went to live together (there in the old house), but the jaguar nearly grabbed us, because of (your) beating me always”, she said to him.’
(k26)
tywa-rati-ki
be-FOC-DECL
‘That’s how the story is told.’
Table 1
Similarities and differences between Aikanã and Kwaza switch-reference systems.
(16)
hisa
te-ka-na
hĩzã-ke
te-me-ẽ
I
have-1SG-DS
you-COM
have-2SG-DECL
‘I have (this pan), you have (that pan).’
(17)
si
isihɨ̃-da-si
ori-hɨ̃-ki
I
secure-1SG-SWR
ascend-NMLZ-DECL
‘I helped him climb up.’
(18)
mãrε͂’a-da-hɨ̃-si
ũtyenãi-da-rai-re
spirit-1SG-NMLZ-SWR
know-1SG-damn-INT
‘Being a Westerner, I know bugger-all.’
Table 2
Reference continuity in medial clause constructions. Legends: X = first, second or third person; 3 = third person; i = coreferent; j = non-coreferent.
1
first person
CD
classifier/directional
2
second person
CLF
classifier
3
third person
CNTR
contrastive
ACC
accusative
CNTRX
counterexpectative
ADMON
admonitory
COLL
collective
AG
agentive
COM
comitative
ALL
allative
CONC
concessive
APPR
apprehensive
COND
conditional
CAUS
causative
DECL
declarative
DEP
dependent
NEG
negative
DIR
directional
NMLZ
nominaliser
DIST
distal
OBJ
object
DS
different subject
PAT
patientive
EXCL
exclamative
PFV
perfective
EXH
exhortative
PL
plural
FOC
focus
POSS
possessive
FRUST
frustrative
POT
potential
FUT
future
PREC
preconditional
GER
gerundial
PROC
procrastinative
HAB
habitual
PST
past
IMP
imperative
PURP
purposive
INC
inclusive
RED
partial reduplication
INST
instrumental
REFL
reflexive
INT
interrogative
REM
remote
INTL
intentional
SG
singular
INTR
intransitive
SS
same subject
LOC
locative
SWR
switch-reference
MAN
manner
TR
transitive
MIR
mirative
VOL
volitional