The use of ochre in the prehistory of Serra da Capivara, Piauí, Brazil

Abstract

Ochre is a raw material that has been preserved in archaeological contexts since the Upper Pleistocene because of its mineral nature, resistance, and stability, allowing archaeologists to observe how it was utilized in different functional and symbolic situations. This present addresses the prehistoric use of ochre in funerary and rupestrian contexts in the Serra da Capivara Archaeological Area (Piauí, Brazil). Also discussed are interest in this material throughout the development of archaeology, mineralogical differences, and the physical-chemical techniques utilized to determine its composition. Studies conducted in the Serra da Capivara have indicated widespread use of ochre throughout prehistory. This evidence, obtained from distinct excavations and archeological contexts, can be found in different stages of the operational chain. Ochre is found in burials in pigments applied directly and indirectly to bones, artifacts, and ecofacts, as well as pieces of ochre with and without use marks. In rock paintings, ochre was applied using two different techniques, as a liquid/paste and a solid. The archaeological ochre found in this area is homogeneous and free of incrustration (contaminants), indicating the materials were selected previous to use.

Keywords
Ochre; Prehistory; Rock paintings; Burial; Serra da Capivara